☆Ise-no-Kamikaze☆☆Move The Wind for The Justice☆: The New Rice for Africa

2013年3月27日水曜日

The New Rice for Africa

ウガンダ　ネリカ米　
（　Uganda　New Rice for Africa　）

公開日: 2013/02/03
ネリカ米の普及をする専門家の坪井さんをはじめ現地の協力隊の様子

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http://www.africarice.org/publications/nerica-comp/module%206_Low.pdf

以下抜粋：

NERICA Rice Crop Management

Contributors: Sylvester O. Oikeh, Sitapha Diatta,
Tatsushi Tsuboi and Tareke Berhe

Background information
The timeliness and quality of land preparation are critical to rice production. NERICA varieties are no exception. Good soil tillage practices generally enhance efficient fertilizer-use, soil porosity and aeration and then have positive impacts during germination, seedling emergence and stand establishment stages of plant growth, in addition to weed control.

Unit 1 – Land selection and preparation
Land preparation for NERICA varieties can take the form of conventional tillage operations of ploughing and harrowing using tractor or animal traction. This is applicable mostly for medium- to large-scale farmers. Smallholder farmers, particularly in the humid forest agro-ecosystems, after clearing and burning the debris, use minimum tillage operation consisting of opening up of the spot to dibble in the NERICA seeds using a hand hoe.

Unit 2 – Land selection: where to grow NERICA varieties?
The NERICA varieties are developed for the upland production systems. They can grow in any agro-ecosystem under upland conditions so long as there is enough moisture to sustain the crop throughout the growth period. Some of the NERICA varieties (NERICA6 for example) can be grown in the hydromorphic fringes. However, waterlogged soils are not appropriate.
NERICA varieties can grow on a variety of soils ranging from moderately drained to well drained soils. In West Africa most of the soils in the upland rice production agro-ecology are sandy loams to sandy clays with pH ranging from 5.0 and 6.0. In the humid forest agro-ecosystem, where there are heavy losses of exchangeable bases due to excessive rainfall, the pH may range between 4.0 and 4.5.
NERICA varieties can grow at both low and relatively high altitudes.

For example, NERICA4 has been shown to thrive in Ethiopia at 1,900 meters above sea level (masl) and matured within 130–140days. NERICA1–4 have been grown at low altitude in the Wabe
Shebelle river valley in Ethiopia and matured within 80–90 days.

Unit 3 – Cropping calendar
In general, upland rice can grow in any environment with at least 15 to 20 mm of five-day rainfall during the growing cycle. During germination and early growth stages, 15 mm per five-day rainfall is sufficient. In environments where there are two distinct cropping seasons, it is important to establish the time to sow in each season based on the long term (15-year) daily rainfall pattern or actual trials on optimum sowing date.

In Uganda, East Africa, based on the long-term rainfall pattern, sowing dates of 20–25 February for the first season and August 24–28 for the second season crop were recommended for optimum NERICA production (Tuboi 2006, personal comm.)

In the monomodal rainfall savannah zone of Côte d’Ivoire, West Africa upland rice is sown in May–June while sowing in March–April (first season) and May–June (second season) is recommended in the bimodal rainfall forest zone (Becker and Diallo, 1992)

Unit 4 – Planting of NERICA varieties
Before planting NERICA varieties, it is important to conduct a germination test to establish the actual seed rates to use based on the viability of the seeds.

NERICA seed treatment prior to planting
The NERICA seeds may be treated with Apron Star 42 WS (thiamethoxam + difenoconazole + metalaxyl-m) at the rate of one sachet (10 g) per 1 kg of seed 2–3 days before planting. Other suitable seed treatments may be used according to availability and per the manufacturers’ instructions.
In an environment where termites and nematodes pose serious threat to uniform emergence and crop establishment, it is recommended

to incorporate carbofuran (Furadan) at the rate of 2.5 kg a.i. per hectare into the planting rows. To ensure uniform application, Furadan should be mixed with sand at a ratio of 1 part of Furadan to 4 parts of sand.

NERICA seed pre-germination prior to planting

To ensure uniform seedling emergence and good establishment, NERICA seeds can be pre-germinated before planting.

Unpublished data of T. Tsuboi in Uganda, East Africa, show that when dry NERICA seeds are sown directly, it takes five days for the seedlings to emerge. But for pre-germinated seeds (i.e. seeds soaked in water for 24 hrs and incubated for 48 hrs) it takes 2–3 days for the seedlings to emerge and the plants are uniformly established in the field (Figure 18).

NERICA seed dormancy breaking
Some NERICA varieties have showed dormancy characteristics (failure of mature seeds to germinate under favourable environmental conditions) inherited from their parent O. glaberrima (Guei et al., 2002). In this case, particularly when using newly harvested seeds, seed dormancy would need to be broken to enhance uniform seedling emergence and establishment. This can be done by soaking the seeds for 16 to 24 hrs in 6 ml of concentrated nitric acid (69% HNO3) per litre of water for every 1 kg of newly harvested seeds. After soaking, the acid solution is drained off and the seeds are sun-dried for 3–5 days to a moisture content of 14% and stored for sowing.

Unit 5 – Plant density
Uniform crop establishment and optimum plant densities are essential to optimize yields. The use of seed dressing, pre-germinated seeds and a sowing depth of 2 to 4 cm is recommended for uniform plant establishment.

When the seeds are viable (germination rate of more than 80%), seeding rate of 50–60 kg ha-1 is recommended for dibble sowing and 80 kg ha-1 for sowing by drilling. Five to seven seeds can be sown per stand and later thinned to 2–4 seedlings at 14 to 21 days old. If germination percentage is less than 80%, the seed rates should be increased accordingly. Note that only filled grains should be used for sowing. The empty grains should first be removed by floating in water.

In Benin (West Africa), a spacing of 20 cm × 20 cm with 4 plants per stand (1 × 106 plants ha-1) for sowing by dibbling is recommended for NERICA cultivation.

In Uganda (East Africa), a spacing of 30 cm × 12.5 cm or 15 cm × 15 cm is recommended for sowing by dibbling. But when sowing is by drilling, a spacing of 30 cm × 1.7–2 cm or 25 cm × 2.2–2.4 cm is recommended.

A sowing depth of 2–4 cm is recommended for NERICA lines. Deep placement of seeds at more than 4 cm resulted in poor germination and delayed seedling growth (Tsuboi, unpublished data, 2005).

Unit 6 – Weed management in NERICA rice-based cropping systems
In West Africa, between 27 and 37% of the total labor invested in rice is taken up by weeding (WARDA, 1998). In the main rice growing ecologies – mainly the rainfed ecologies and those suitable for irrigated rice – weeds are the main constraints, reducing production by up to 40% and potentially causing total crop failure if left uncontrolled (WARDA, 1998). This constraint is well perceived by rice farmers. A survey conducted in Côte d’Ivoire by WARDA revealed that every single farmer identified weeds as a major problem in rice cultivation regardless of ecology.

The commonest weed species found in the rainfed upland ecology in West Africa include Paspalum scrobiculatum, Euphorbia heterophylla, Chromolena odorata, Oldenlandia herbacea, Tridax procumbens, Digitaria horizontalis, Tridax procumbens Cyperus esculentus and Cyperus rotundus. In the East, Central and Southern Africa (ECSA) country of Tanzania, Ageratum conyzoides, Galinsoga pariflora, Clotalaria incana and Rottboellia cochinensis are cited among the principal weed species encountered in the upland rice ecology.

Though O. glaberrima has been shown to be competitive against weeds (Johnson et al., 1998; Fofana and Rauber, 2000), NERICA varieties cannot thrive in an unweeded field.

Hand-weeding regimes
When should I start weeding NERICA rice fields?
When weed pressure is minimal in the field, only one weeding within 15–21 days after sowing (DAS) is sufficient for NERICA rice plants to grow well. But when weed pressure is high, a second weeding at panicle initiation stage (about 42–50 DAS) is needed. Weed a third time if necessary.
However, hand weeding can be relatively ineffective, particularly in controlling many of the perennial weeds (e.g. Cyperus spp.) that have underground tubers and rhizomes from which they can rapidly re-establish. Therefore, integrated management of weeds involving the use of herbicides combined with hand weeding will be the most sustainable approach to managing weeds for NERICA production.

Chemical control
What is the recommended herbicide, its application rate and timing for NERICA varieties?
Any herbicide suitable for upland rice production can be used for NERICA varieties.

Pre-emergence herbicides: applied before the weeds emerge, they provide an extended period of weed control as they are used during land preparation before NERICA rice planting. Table 16 indicates general guidelines to some herbicides used in NERICA rice production.
Post-emergence herbicides: they are applied after emergence of rice and weeds, but preferably at the early growth stages of weeds (3–5 leaves).
Various types of weeds are associated with rice; therefore, the use of a combination of herbicides that kill different types of weeds is advised.

Table 16. Selected herbicides recommended for NERICA rice production

Use of legume fallows to control weeds in NERICA rice fields
Well-managed legume fallows provide opportunities to control weeds in the various agro-ecological zones in upland rice-based systems of West Africa. Fallow vegetation composed of legumes, including Aeschynomene histrix, Stylosanthes guianensis, Canavalia ensiformis, Crotalaria anagyroides and Mucuna prurensis have been shown to control weeds when grown in sequence with upland rice in the savannah and forest agroecologies of Côte d’Ivoire, West Africa (Becker and Johnson, 1998).

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参考リンク：

http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB

ネリカ

以下抜粋

ネリカ（英語：NERICA, New rice for Africa）は、アフリカの食糧事情を改善することを目的に開発されたイネ品種の総称。アジアイネ(Oryza sativa)を母親として、アフリカイネ(Oryza glaberrima)の花粉を掛け合わせた種間雑種から育成された^[1]^[2]。アジアイネの高収量性と、アフリカイネの耐乾燥性・耐病虫性などを併せ持つ。2008年時点で、陸稲18品種が普及に移されている^[3]。水稲についても普及が始まっており、陸稲以上に生産性向上に寄与することが期待されている。2006年6月段階で、60種類の水稲品種がアフリカ稲センター(WARDA)からリリースされている^[4]^[5]。なお、"rice"と「米」の重複表記であるため「ネリカ」のみの表記でいいが、あえて重複させて「ネリカ米」と表記してもいい^[6]。

開発の背景
アフリカのサハラ砂漠以南地域（サブサハラ）では、1970年代から食糧としての米の重要性が高まっている。国際食糧政策研究所による2006年の報告でも、「イネは多くの国において最も大きい生産者利益を生み出しうる作物として、大きな可能性を持っており、コメは地域全体の戦略的な生産品である」と指摘されている^[7]。この地域では、年々、生産性および生産量の増加は見られるが、個人あたりの消費量も増加しており、不足分を他の地域から輸入している状態が続いている^[8]。そこで、育種の面から米の増産を図るため、従来のイネの品種改良では達成できなかった特性を持つ品種として、ネリカの開発が開始された。

特長（陸稲品種）
従来のイネ品種（アフリカイネ、アジアイネ）と比較して有利な点は、次の通りである^[9]。

肥料を与えない場合でも、従来のアフリカイネより収量が多い（50%増）。肥料を与えると更に多収になる（最大200%以上）。
在来のアジアイネは栽培期間が120-140日間であるのに対して、ネリカの栽培期間は90-100日間である。栽培期間が30-50日程度短縮される。生育が速いことは、雑草との競争でも有利である。
乾燥や病害虫に対する耐性を持っている。
米にタンパク質を多く含む。親となったアフリカイネ・アジアイネのタンパク質含量は 8%程度、ネリカはそれよりも 2%ほどタンパク質含量が高い。

普及活動
ネリカは、アフリカ稲センター（当時は「西アフリカ稲開発協会」、WARDA）による農民参加型の品種選択法（PVS, Farmer's participatory varietal selection）を通じて、農民自身による評価・選択を介して普及が進んでいる。この試みは、1994年にコートジボワールで開始された。具体的には、普及候補となる数十品種を試験展示圃場で栽培し、生育期間中に何度も農民を招待して、観察・選択をしてもらう。2年目、3年目には、農民は自分の畑で候補品種を試験的に栽培して、農民自身の最終判断を下す。2007年時点で、ネリカ品種はアフリカ・サハラ砂漠以南地域（サブサハラ）の17カ国で栽培されている^[10]。なお、品種の普及にあたっては、種子の品質および量の確保が問題となっている。2006年時点では、WARDAおよびアフリカ稲イニシアティブ(African Rice Initiative)が原々種の生産・配布にあたっているが、将来的には参加各国の研究機関等が種子の生産・配布を担う必要があると指摘されている^[11]。

品種開発過程
アフリカイネは、3500年以上前にアフリカで品種化され、現地に適応した特性を持つ。しかしながら収量や栽培管理の面では、アジアイネの方が優位であり、450年ほど前から徐々にアジアイネの栽培がアフリカでも広がっていた。
ネリカの親となった2種類のイネは、異なる生物種である。その祖先野生種も異なり、アフリカイネ Oryza glaberrimaはアフリカに自生する O. barythiiから、アジアイネ O. sativaはアジアに自生するO. rufipogonから、それぞれ栽培化されたと考えられている^[12]。そのため、この2生物種の間で雑種を作った場合、不稔（結実率が低くなる）などの問題があった。
以下に、2008年時点で栽培されているネリカが、どのように育種されたかを説明する^[13]^[1]^[2]^[9]。しかしながら、育種の手法は様々なものがあるので、それ以外のネリカも同様の手法で育成されるわけではないことには留意が必要である。
WARDAでは、交雑を行う前に、まず親とするアフリカイネの選定を行った。1991年と1992年の2年間に1130系統のアフリカイネを栽培し、諸特性、特に雑草との競争に優れた8系統を選び出した。1992年に、陸稲タイプのアジアイネ5品種を母親として、アフリカイネの花粉を受粉させた。受精胚の生存率を上げるため、一部では胚培養（受精胚の人工培養）を行い雑種を作成した。この雑種に、さらにアジアイネを2回戻し交雑（水稲では4回）し、アジアイネに近づけた。この雑種後代を固定させるため、葯培養による半数体を倍加し、最終的に各性質に優れた系統を作出した。
こうして選ばれた系統が、さらに前述の農民参加型の品種選択法を経て、ネリカ品種群として普及に移されることになった。

低地用ネリカ（水稲）
陸稲を含め、畑地では同一作物の連作が続くと土壌の疲弊や連作障害が起こる。したがって、通常は畑作では輪作や休耕を行う。一方、水田稲作は、適切な施肥を行えば、湛水条件で連作が可能な農法である。しかしながら、アフリカで栽培されていたアジア型水稲では、土壌の鉄過剰による障害、雑草との競争、ウィルス病や水ストレス（乾燥・河川氾濫）の面で、アフリカイネに劣っていた。そこで、畑作用ネリカ（陸稲）に次いで、低地用ネリカ（水稲）の開発が行われた^[5]^[14]。アジアイネとしては国際稲研究所で育成されたインディカ型の品種が用いられた。
アフリカ在来の水稲の通常の収量は 1ヘクタールあたり1.5トン未満であったのに対し、育成された低地用ネリカでは 1ヘクタールあたり 6-7トンの収量を示す能力が示された^[5]^[15]また、これらの品種を用いた二期作を行うことも期待されている^[5]。

脚注

^ ^a ^b Jones MP et al. (2004). "Interspecific Oryza Sativa L. x O. Glaberrima Steud. progenies in upland rice". Euphytica, 94: 237-246.
^ ^a ^b WARDA (2008) - NERICA:the New Rice for Africa – a Compendium. (PDF) P.12-13 （PDFのページとしては25-26）
^ NERICA:the New Rice for Africa – a Compendium. P.161-194 （PDFでは174-207）
^ 二口浩一（2008年）「アフリカにおけるイネ研究の成果および展望」『国際農業研究情報』No.57 P.121-134（内 P.126の記述）
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d WARDA (2006) - Lowland NERICA
^ もともと英語のなかに "rice" という語が含まれるが、これは米の名称として「コシヒカリ米」「ひとめぼれ米」と呼ぶような冗長な表現である。このような表現の冗長性を示すには、日本語のなかにも「米」という語が含まれるといいので、「ネリカ米」と訳していい。
^ International Food Policy Research Institute (2006) "Regional Strategic Alternatives for Agriculture-led Growth and Poverty Reduction in West Africa."
^ WARDA (2005) "Rice Trends in Sub-Saharan Africa" 3rd. ed.（フェアユース）
* 個人あたりの米消費量の傾向はP.4 (PDF 9)
* 生産量指数の動向はP.11 (PDF16)
* 輸入量指数の動向はP.16 (PDF21)
* 需要動向はP.23 (PDF28)
* 需要と供給のギャップはP.20 (PDF25)
^ ^a ^b WARDA - The NERICA Advantage, NERICA:Rice for Life. (PDF) P.3-4
^ 『アフリカにおけるイネ研究の成果および展望』P.125
^ 『アフリカにおけるイネ研究の成果および展望』P.123
^ 陳日斗ら（1992年）「アジア稲およびアフリカ稲と祖先種における小枝梗の理想の類似性について」『日本作物学会紀事』第61巻 P.257-263
^ 『アフリカにおけるイネ研究の成果および展望』P.124
^ 『アフリカにおけるイネ研究の成果および展望』P.126
^ 好条件が揃ったときの能力。『アフリカにおけるイネ研究の成果および展望』(P.127)に記載されたある試験での平均収量は 2.8 t/ha である。同資料(P.131-132)に記載されている試験では灌漑水田で収量6-7 t/haの品種が3種類あったが、同じ品種の天水田での収量は 4-5 t/ha である。なお、日本国外の米の収量は、籾ベースの数字であり、ここの数字も籾収量である。（日本の水稲の収量は、玄米ベースで 4.5-6 t/ha程度であり、平成18年産水陸稲の収穫量は 5.07 t/ha ）

資料

アフリカの飢餓を救うネリカ米(PDF)（国際連合開発計画）
二口浩一（2001年）『西アフリカ稲開発協会の研究・普及活動』日本作物学会紀事。第70巻、115ページ。
農林水産省 - 平成18 年度第7 回食料・農業協力講演会「ネリカ米育成の背景と特性、普及の現状と展望」概要(PDF)
外務省 - ネリカ米の普及に対する支援(PDF)

Dr. Monty Jones

For his breakthrough achievements in creating a rice variety specifically bred for the ecological and agricultural conditions in Africa, Dr. Monty Jones won the World Food Prize in 2004 – the United Nations’ Food and Agricultural Organization’s International Year of Rice. Born in Sierra Leone, Dr. Jones was educated there, receiving a bachelor’s degree from the University of Sierra Leone, and at Birmingham University in the United Kingdom, where he took a master’s degree in 1979, a doctorate in plant biology in 1983, and an honorary Doctor of Science in 2005. He began his career in 1975 with the West Africa Rice Development Agency, one of the international research centers sponsored by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, in its Mangrove Swamp Rice Research Project in his home country. He continued to work as a rice breeder and researcher through the 1980s. In 1991, Dr. Jones was appointed head of the Upland Rice Breeding Program at WARDA, then located in Côte d’Ivoire. It was in this position in 1994 that he made his exceptional breakthrough achievement in combining Asian and African rice varieties to develop NERICA, a “New Rice for Africa” uniquely suited to poor African rice farmers. Dr. Jones had, since the 1970s, seen that native African rice varieties grew most successfully in the continent’s alkaline soils and conditions of varying moisture; however, their yield potential was remarkably low, especially compared to the rice varieties that had been introduced from Asia some 500 years earlier. These more productive varieties, in contrast, were limited by low resistance to African pests and diseases and poor adaptation to the soil and climate. Combining the species had been attempted before, but never with success; early in the cross-breeding process, the progeny rice varieties always developed sterility. Dr. Jones led his staff to organize and classify all available rice varieties – including 1,500 accessions of the native O. glaberrima species, which were in danger of extinction. From this collection, Dr. Jones and his team began the painstaking process of selecting parents for combination traits, crossing them to produce offspring, and backcrossing the offspring to fix varietal traits from the two species and overcome the genetic barrier. After three years of research and work, the first stable and fertile cross was produced. With the ability to resist weeds, survive droughts, and thrive on poor soils gained from its African parent, and the trait of higher productivity from its Asian ancestor, NERICA is a crop capable of increasing farmers’ harvests by 25 to 250 percent. It has been especially valuable in the drier upland regions, where much of West Africa’s rice is grown and yields can now reach 4 to 6 tons per hectare. In addition, its three-month harvest time – as opposed to the six months required by its parent species – allows African farmers to harvest NERICA rice during the annual “hunger period” and double-crop it with nutritionally rich legumes and vegetables or high-value fiber crops in one growing season. For the consumer, especially poor or malnourished families, NERICA provides increased amounts of protein at a lower price. The nutritional, economic, and political impact of NERICA on countries that have been importing $1 billion of rice annually is difficult to overstate. Dr. Jones continued to show leadership and innovation in the next phase of bringing NERICA rice to farmers in Africa’s villages. He built partnerships among WARDA and policy makers, non-governmental organizations, and research and extension services and outlined a plan for community-based, participatory, and gender-sensitive programs that would both rapidly disseminate the seeds and allow rice farmers – a majority of whom are women – an active role in planting and evaluating the hybrids and continuing outreach in rural areas. With the money he won as part of the 2004 World Food Prize, Dr. Jones has continued to support and invest in the extension of these programs in Sierra Leone and the rest of Africa. This work has led to the rapid development of more than 3000 NERICA lines. As demonstrated in pilot projects undertaken in Benin, Côte d’Ivoire, Gambia, Guinea, Mali, Nigeria, and Togo, NERICA stands to benefit 20 million rice farmers and 240 million consumers in West Africa alone, in addition to other parts of Africa and the world. In Nigeria, NERICA has resulted in over 30 percent expansion in upland rice cultivation. Guinea’s rice imports reduced by 50 percent in three years, and the country became a net exporter of the grain in 2005. In 2002, Dr. Jones was appointed the executive secretary of the Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa, based in Ghana. At FARA, he oversees advocacy and coordination efforts in support of regional research, with the goal of increasing agricultural growth by at least 6 percent annually by 2020 as well as fostering ongoing economic growth, alleviating poverty, and improving food security for Africa’s people. Because of his work, Time magazine, in 2007, named Dr. Jones as one of the world’s most influential people. According to WARDA Director General Papa Abdoulaye Seck, “Dr. Monty Jones has demonstrated by his remarkable contribution that is it possible to reshape the agricultural map of our continent through the African creative genius.”

Prof. Yuan Longping

For his breakthrough achievement in developing the genetic materials and technologies essential for breeding high yielding hybrid rice varieties, Professor Yuan Longping was awarded the World Food Prize in 2004. He is considered the first scientist to successfully alter the self-pollinating characteristics of rice and facilitate the large-scale production of hybrid rice, which has 20% more yield than elite inbred varieties. He took the unknown path in achieving the rice hybrid miracle. Professor Yuan, who became known as “Father of Hybrid Rice,” was born in Beijing in 1930. His education at the Southwestern Agricultural College in Chongqing, majoring in agronomy, marked the beginning of his lifelong work in agriculture. Upon his graduation in 1953, he took a teaching job at the Anjiang Agricultural School in Hunan Province. Along with teaching, he also conducted scientific experiments involving asexual crosses between crops. These experiments led him to the conclusion that there were faults in the accepted breeding approach, and he then began concentrating on experiments based on the genetic theories of Mendel & Morgan, which were different from traditional theories. Professor Yuan began his research on developing hybrid rice in 1964 at a time when it was widely accepted that hybrid vigor—or heterosis—could not be bred in a self pollinated crop like rice, and no solutions for high-yielding hybrid seed production in self-pollinated crops were on the horizon. Nevertheless, Professor Yuan believed that heterosis is a universal phenomenon and rice is no exception. After nine years of research, he succeeded in breeding unique genetic tools, which consisted of a three-line system: Male sterile line; Maintaining line; and Restore line—or A, B, R line, essential for developing hybrid rice. His varieties were put into commercial production in China in 1976. He has continued his scientific exploration to develop new approaches to enhance the heterosis level and to simplify the methodology for hybrid rice breeding. In the 21st Century, as the world’s rice production is called upon to meet the demand of increasing population and potential decreases in planting area, Professor Yuan has conducted a careful analysis of the yield-limiting factors and breeding technologies available. In that regard, he has led a project to develop a “super hybrid rice,” which has an additional yield increase potential of 20%. The additional improvements in hybrid rice breeding and production techniques have contributed greatly to increasing China's total rice output. In 2012, the area under hybrid rice has expanded to 16 million hectares, reaching about 57% of paddy, which contributes 65% of total rice output. The average yield of hybrid rice is 7.2 t/ha, while other inbred varieties yield 5.9 t/ha. It is estimated that approximately 70 million more people annually in China can be fed by planting hybrid rice, thus it helps China solve food shortage challenges successfully and provides additional income to thousands of farmers. Professor Yuan’s new hybrid rice technology not only benefits China, but also has been enthusiastically adopted in other countries. Professor Yuan introduced Chinese hybrid rice to the world in 1979 at an international conference sponsored by the International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines (IRRI). The following year, IRRI restored its own hybrid rice research. In light of Chinese success, many countries, institutions and commercial companies started their own hybrid rice research. The United Nations’ FAO made hybrid rice the first choice of its program to increase grain production outside China, and appointed Professor Yuan as the chief consultant. He and his research associates have traveled to India, Vietnam, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and the United States to provide advice and consultation to rice research personnel. Professor Yuan’s research institute has trained over 3000 scientists from more than 50 countries. Farmers around the world have benefitted from his techniques as hybrid rice spread throughout Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Prof. Yuan has published more than 60 articles and 6 monographs including Hybrid Rice Breeding and Cultivation and Technology of Hybrid Rice Production (published by FAO). His work has greatly influenced other research fields, such as plant sciences, agriculture and applied biotechnology. In recognition of his work, he has been bestowed numerous awards and honors, which include the 1981 first Special-class National Invention Prize, the 2000 National Supreme Scientific and Technology Award, the 1987 UNESCO Science Prize, the 2004 World Food Prize and the 2004 Wolf Prize in agriculture, and also in 2007 he was named a foreign associate of the National Academy of Sciences in the United States. Return to Laureates Main Page

ABOUT

The World Food Prize was conceived by Dr. Norman E. Borlaug, recipient of the 1970 Nobel Peace Prize. Since 1986, The World Food Prize has honored outstanding individuals who have made vital contributions to improving the quality, quantity or availability of food throughout the world. Laureates have been recognized from Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Cuba, Denmark, Ethiopia, India, Mexico, Sierra Leone, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the United Nations and the United States. In 1990, Des Moines businessman and philanthropist John Ruan assumed sponsorship of The Prize and established The World Food Prize Foundation, located in Des Moines, Iowa.

The World Food Prize Foundation

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Norman E. Borlaug Norman Borlaug

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Borlaug

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Norman Ernest Borlaug (March 25, 1914 – September 12, 2009)^[1] was an American agronomist, humanitarian and Nobel laureate who has been called "the father of the Green Revolution"^[2] and "The Man Who Saved A Billion Lives". He is one of six people to have won the Nobel Peace Prize, the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal^[3] and was also awarded the Padma Vibhushan, India's second highest civilian honor.^[4] Borlaug received his Ph.D. in plant pathology and genetics from the University of Minnesota in 1942. He took up an agricultural research position in Mexico, where he developed semi-dwarf, high-yield, disease-resistant wheat varieties. During the mid-20th century, Borlaug led the introduction of these high-yielding varieties combined with modern agricultural production techniques to Mexico, Pakistan, and India. As a result, Mexico became a net exporter of wheat by 1963. Between 1965 and 1970, wheat yields nearly doubled in Pakistan and India, greatly improving the food security in those nations.^[5] These collective increases in yield have been labeled the Green Revolution, and Borlaug is often credited with saving over a billion people worldwide from starvation.^[6] He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970 in recognition of his contributions to world peace through increasing food supply. Later in his life, he helped apply these methods of increasing food production to Asia and Africa.^[7] Early life, education and family Borlaug was the great-grandchild of Norwegian immigrants to the United States. Ole Olson Dybevig and Solveig Thomasdotter Rinde, from Feios, a small village in Vik kommune, Norway, emigrated to Dane, Wisconsin, in 1854.^{[citation needed]} The family eventually moved to the small Norwegian-American community of Saude, near Cresco, Iowa. There they were members of the Saude Lutheran Church, where Norman was both baptized and confirmed. The eldest of four children — his three younger sisters were Palma Lillian (Behrens; 1916–2004), Charlotte (Culbert; b. 1919) and Helen (1921–1921) — Borlaug was born to Henry Oliver (1889–1971) and Clara (Vaala) Borlaug (1888–1972) on his grandparents' farm in Saude in 1914. From age seven to nineteen, he worked on the 106-acre (43 ha) family farm west of Protivin, Iowa, fishing, hunting, and raising corn, oats, timothy-grass, cattle, pigs and chickens. He attended the one-teacher, one-room New Oregon #8 rural school in Howard County, through eighth grade. Today, the school building, built in 1865, is owned by the Norman Borlaug Heritage Foundation as part of "Project Borlaug Legacy".^[8] At Cresco High School, Borlaug played on the football, baseball and wrestling teams, on the latter of which his coach, Dave Barthelma, continually encouraged him to "give 105%".^{[citation needed]} He attributed his decision to leave the farm and pursue further education to his grandfather, Nels Olson Borlaug (1859–1935), who strongly encouraged Borlaug's learning, once saying, "You're wiser to fill your head now if you want to fill your belly later on."^[9] Through a Depression-era program known as the National Youth Administration, he was able to enroll at the University of Minnesota in 1933. Borlaug failed the entrance exam, but was accepted to the school's newly created two-year General College. After two quarters, he transferred to the College of Agriculture's forestry program. While at the University of Minnesota, he was a member of the varsity wrestling team, reaching the Big Ten semifinals; and helped introduce the sport to Minnesota high schools by putting on exhibition matches around the state.

"Wrestling taught me some valuable lessons ... I always figured I could hold my own against the best in the world. It made me tough. Many times, I drew on that strength. It's an inappropriate crutch perhaps, but that's the way I'm made".^[10]

Borlaug was inducted into the National Wrestling Hall of Fame in Stillwater, Oklahoma, in 1992. To finance his studies, Borlaug had to put his education on hold periodically to take a job. One of these jobs, in 1935, was as a leader in the Civilian Conservation Corps, working with the unemployed on U.S. federal projects. Many of the people who worked for him were starving. He later recalled, "I saw how food changed them ... All of this left scars on me".^[11] From 1935 to 1938, before and after receiving his Bachelor of Science in forestry in 1937, Borlaug worked for the United States Forest Service at stations in Massachusetts and Idaho. He spent one summer in the middle fork of Idaho's Salmon River, the most isolated piece of wilderness in the lower 48 states at the time.^[11] In the last months of his undergraduate education, Borlaug attended a Sigma Xi lecture by Elvin Charles Stakman, a professor and soon-to-be head of the plant pathology group at the University of Minnesota. The event was pivotal for Borlaug's future. Stakman, in his speech titled "These Shifty Little Enemies that Destroy our Food Crops", discussed the manifestation of the plant disease rust, a parasitic fungus that feeds on phytonutrients in wheat, oat, and barley crops across the U.S. He had discovered that special plant breeding methods created plants resistant to rust. His research greatly interested Borlaug, and when Borlaug's job at the Forest Service was eliminated because of budget cuts, he asked Stakman if he should go into forest pathology. Stakman advised him to focus on plant pathology instead.^[10] Borlaug subsequently enrolled at the University to study plant pathology under Stakman, receiving a Master of Science degree in 1940 and Ph.D. in plant pathology and genetics in 1942. Borlaug was a member of Alpha Gamma Rho fraternity. While in college, he met his future wife, Margaret Gibson, as he waited tables at a university Dinkytown coffee shop where they both worked. They had three children, Norma Jean "Jeanie" Laube, Scotty (who died soon after birth from spina bifida), and William Borlaug; five grandchildren, and six great-grandchildren. On March 8, 2007, Margaret Borlaug died at the age of 95, following a fall.^[12] They had been married for 69 years. Borlaug spent the last years of his life in northern Dallas although, as a result of his global humanitarian efforts, he actually resided there only a few weeks of the year.^{[citation needed]} Career From 1942 to 1944, Borlaug was employed as a microbiologist at DuPont in Wilmington, Delaware. It was planned that he would lead research on industrial and agricultural bacteriocides, fungicides, and preservatives. However, following the December 7, 1941, attack on Pearl Harbor, Borlaug tried to enlist in the military, but was rejected under wartime labor regulations; his lab was converted to conduct research for the United States armed forces. One of his first projects was to develop glue that could withstand the warm salt water of the South Pacific. The Imperial Japanese Navy had gained control of the island of Guadalcanal, and patrolled the sky and sea by day. The only way for U.S. forces to supply the troops stranded on the island was to approach at night by speedboat, and jettison boxes of canned food and other supplies into the surf to wash ashore. The problem was that the glue holding these containers together disintegrated in saltwater. Within weeks, Borlaug and his colleagues had developed an adhesive that resisted corrosion, allowing food and supplies to reach the stranded Marines. Other tasks included work with camouflage; canteen disinfectants; DDT to control malaria; and insulation for small electronics.^[11] In 1940, the Avila Camacho administration took office in Mexico. The administration's primary goal for Mexican agriculture was augmenting the nation's industrialization and economic growth. U.S. Vice President-Elect Henry Wallace, who was instrumental in persuading the Rockefeller Foundation to work with the Mexican government in agricultural development, saw Avila Camacho's ambitions as beneficial to U.S. economic and military interests.^[13] The Rockefeller Foundation contacted E.C. Stakman and two other leading agronomists. They developed a proposal for a new organization, the Office of Special Studies, as part of the Mexican Government, but directed by the Rockefeller Foundation. It was to be staffed with both Mexican and US scientists, focusing on soil development, maize and wheat production, and plant pathology. Stakman chose Dr. J. George "Dutch" Harrar as project leader. Harrar immediately set out to hire Borlaug as head of the newly established Cooperative Wheat Research and Production Program in Mexico; Borlaug declined, choosing to finish his war service at DuPont.^[14] In July 1944, after rejecting DuPont's offer to double his salary, and temporarily leaving behind his pregnant wife and 14-month-old daughter, he flew to Mexico City to head the new program as a geneticist and plant pathologist.^[11] In 1964, he was made the director of the International Wheat Improvement Program at El Batán, Texcoco, on the eastern fringes of Mexico City, as part of the newly established Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research's International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo, or CIMMYT). Funding for this autonomous international research training institute developed from the Cooperative Wheat Research Production Program was undertaken jointly by the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations and the Mexican government. Borlaug retired officially from the position in 1979, but remained a CIMMYT senior consultant. In addition to taking up charitable and educational roles, he continued to be involved in plant research at CIMMYT with wheat, triticale, barley, maize, and high-altitude sorghum. In 1984, Borlaug began teaching and conducting research at Texas A&M University. Eventually being given the title Distinguished Professor of International Agriculture at the university and the holder of the Eugene Butler Endowed Chair in Agricultural Biotechnology, Borlaug remained at A&M until his death in September 2009. Wheat research in Mexico The Cooperative Wheat Research Production Program, a joint venture by the Rockefeller Foundation and the Mexican Ministry of Agriculture, involved research in genetics, plant breeding, plant pathology, entomology, agronomy, soil science, and cereal technology. The goal of the project was to boost wheat production in Mexico, which at the time was importing a large portion of its grain. Plant pathologist George Harrar recruited and assembled the wheat research team in late 1944. The four other members were soil scientist William Colwell; maize breeder Edward Wellhausen; potato breeder John Niederhauser; and Norman Borlaug, all from the United States.^[15] During the sixteen years Borlaug remained with the project, he bred a series of remarkably successful high-yield, disease-resistant, semi-dwarf wheat.

Wheat is the third most-produced cereal crop.

Borlaug said that his first few years in Mexico were difficult. He lacked trained scientists and equipment. Native farmers were hostile toward the wheat program because of serious crop losses from 1939 to 1941 due to stem rust. "It often appeared to me that I had made a dreadful mistake in accepting the position in Mexico," he wrote in the epilogue to his book, Norman Borlaug on World Hunger.^[11] He spent the first 10 years breeding wheat cultivars resistant to disease, including rust. In that time, his group made 6,000 individual crossings of wheat.^[16] Double wheat season Initially, Borlaug's work had been concentrated in the central highlands, in the village of Chapingo near Texcoco, where the problems with rust and poor soil were most prevalent. He realized that he could speed up breeding by taking advantage of the country's two growing seasons. In the summer he would breed wheat in the central highlands as usual, then immediately take the seeds north to the Yaqui Valley research station near Ciudad Obregón, Sonora. The difference in altitudes and temperatures would allow more crops to be grown each year.^{[citation needed]} Borlaug's boss, George Harrar, was against this expansion. Besides the extra costs of doubling the work, Borlaug's plan went against a then-held principle of agronomy that has since been disproved. It was believed that to store energy for germination before being planted, seeds needed a rest period after harvesting. When Harrar vetoed his plan, Borlaug resigned. Elvin Stakman, who was visiting the project, calmed the situation, talking Borlaug into withdrawing his resignation and Harrar into allowing the double wheat season. As of 1945, wheat would then be bred at locations 700 miles (1000 km) apart, 10 degrees apart in latitude, and 8500 feet (2600 m) apart in altitude. This was called "shuttle breeding".^{[citation needed]}

Locations of Borlaug's research stations in the Yaqui Valley and Chapingo.

As an unexpected benefit of the double wheat season, the new breeds did not have problems with photoperiodism. Normally, wheat varieties cannot adapt to new environments, due to the changing periods of sunlight. Borlaug later recalled, "As it worked out, in the north, we were planting when the days were getting shorter, at low elevation and high temperature. Then we'd take the seed from the best plants south and plant it at high elevation, when days were getting longer and there was lots of rain. Soon we had varieties that fit the whole range of conditions. That wasn't supposed to happen by the books".^[16] This meant that the project would not need to start separate breeding programs for each geographic region of the planet.

Increasing disease resistance through multiline varieties
Because pureline (genotypically identical) plant varieties often only have one or a few major genes for disease resistance, and plant diseases such as rust are continuously producing new races that can overcome a pureline's resistance, multiline varieties were developed. Multiline varieties are mixtures of several phenotypically similar purelines which each have different genes for disease resistance. By having similar heights, flowering and maturity dates, seed colors, and agronomic characteristics, they remain compatible with each other, and do not reduce yields when grown together on the field.^{[citation needed]} In 1953, Borlaug extended this technique by suggesting that several purelines with different resistance genes should be developed through backcross methods using one recurrent parent.^[17] Backcrossing involves crossing a hybrid and subsequent generations with a recurrent parent. As a result, the genotype of the backcrossed progeny becomes increasingly similar to that of the recurrent parent. Borlaug's method would allow the various different disease-resistant genes from several donor parents to be transferred into a single recurrent parent. To make sure each line has different resistant genes, each donor parent is used in a separate backcross program. Between five and ten of these lines may then be mixed depending upon the races of pathogen present in the region. As this process is repeated, some lines will become susceptible to the pathogen. These lines can easily be replaced with new resistant lines. As new sources of resistance become available, new lines are developed. In this way, the loss of crops is kept to a minimum, because only one or a few lines become susceptible to a pathogen within a given season, and all other crops are unaffected by the disease. Because the disease would spread more slowly than if the entire population were susceptible, this also reduces the damage to susceptible lines. There is still the possibility that a new race of pathogen will develop to which all lines are susceptible, however.^[18]

Dwarfing
Dwarfing is an important agronomic quality for wheat; dwarf plants produce thick stems. The cultivars Borlaug worked with had tall, thin stalks. Taller wheat grasses better compete for sunlight, but tend to collapse under the weight of the extra grain—a trait called lodging— from the rapid growth spurts induced by nitrogen fertilizer Borlaug used in the poor soil. To prevent this, he bred wheat to favor shorter, stronger stalks that could better support larger seed heads. In 1953, he acquired a Japanese dwarf variety of wheat called Norin 10 developed by Orville Vogel, that had been crossed with a high-yielding American cultivar called Brevor 14.^[19] Norin 10/Brevor is semi-dwarf (one-half to two-thirds the height of standard varieties) and produces more stalks and thus more heads of grain per plant. Also, larger amounts of assimilate were partitioned into the actual grains, further increasing the yield. Borlaug crossbred the semi-dwarf Norin 10/Brevor cultivar with his disease-resistant cultivars to produce wheat varieties that were adapted to tropical and sub-tropical climates.^[20] Borlaug's new semi-dwarf, disease-resistant varieties, called Pitic 62 and Penjamo 62, changed the potential yield of spring wheat dramatically. By 1963, 95% of Mexico's wheat crops used the semi-dwarf varieties developed by Borlaug. That year, the harvest was six times larger than in 1944, the year Borlaug arrived in Mexico. Mexico had become fully self-sufficient in wheat production, and a net exporter of wheat.^[21] Four other high yield varieties were also released, in 1964: Lerma Rojo 64, Siete Cerros, Sonora 64, and Super X. Expansion to South Asia: the Green Revolution

Further information: Green Revolution and Green Revolution in India

Wheat yields in Mexico, India and Pakistan, 1950 to 2004. Baseline is 500 kg/ha.

In 1961 to 1962, Borlaug's dwarf spring wheat strains were sent for multilocation testing in the International Wheat Rust Nursery, organized by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. In March 1962, a few of these strains were grown in the fields of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute in Pusa, New Delhi, India. In May 1962, M. S. Swaminathan, a member of IARI's wheat program, requested of Dr. B. P. Pal, Director of IARI, to arrange for the visit of Borlaug to India and to obtain a wide range of dwarf wheat seed possessing the Norin 10 dwarfing genes.^{[citation needed]} The letter was forwarded to the Indian Ministry of Agriculture, which arranged with the Rockefeller Foundation for Borlaug's visit. In March 1963, the Rockefeller Foundation and the Mexican government sent Borlaug and Dr. Robert Glenn Anderson to India to continue his work. He supplied 100 kg (220 lb) of seed from each of the four most promising strains and 630 promising selections in advanced generations to the IARI in October 1963, and test plots were subsequently planted at Delhi, Ludhiana, Pant Nagar, Kanpur, Pune and Indore.^{[citation needed]} Anderson stayed as head of the Rockefeller Foundation Wheat Program in New Delhi until 1975. During the mid-1960s, the Indian subcontinent was at war and experiencing widespread famine^{[citation needed]} and starvation, even though the U.S. was making emergency shipments of millions of tons of grain, including over one fifth of its total wheat, to the region.^[15] The Indian and Pakistani bureaucracies and the region's cultural opposition to new agricultural techniques initially prevented Borlaug from fulfilling his desire to immediately plant the new wheat strains there. By the summer of 1965, the famine became so acute that the governments stepped in and allowed his projects to go forward.^[11] Biologist Paul R. Ehrlich wrote in his 1968 bestseller The Population Bomb, "The battle to feed all of humanity is over ... In the 1970s and 1980s hundreds of millions of people will starve to death in spite of any crash programs embarked upon now." Ehrlich said, "I have yet to meet anyone familiar with the situation who thinks India will be self-sufficient in food by 1971," and "India couldn't possibly feed two hundred million more people by 1980."^[22] In 1965, after extensive testing, Borlaug's team, under Anderson, began its effort by importing about 450 tons of Lerma Rojo and Sonora 64 semi-dwarf seed varieties: 250 tons went to Pakistan and 200 to India. They encountered many obstacles. Their first shipment of wheat was held up in Mexican customs and so could not be shipped from the port at Guaymas in time for proper planting.^{[citation needed]} Instead, it was sent via a 30-truck convoy from Mexico to the U.S. port in Los Angeles, encountering delays at the Mexico - United States border. Once the convoy entered the U.S., it had to take a detour, as the U.S. National Guard had closed the freeway due to Watts riots in Los Angeles. When the seeds reached Los Angeles, a Mexican bank refused to honor Pakistan treasury's payment of US$100,000, because the check contained three misspelled words. Still, the seed was loaded onto a freighter destined for Bombay, India, and Karachi, Pakistan. Twelve hours into the freighter's voyage, war broke out between India and Pakistan over the Kashmir region. Borlaug received a telegraph from the Pakistani minister of agriculture, Malik Khuda Bakhsh Bucha: "I'm sorry to hear you are having trouble with my check, but I've got troubles, too. Bombs are falling on my front lawn. Be patient, the money is in the bank ..."^[11] These delays prevented Borlaug's group from conducting the germination tests needed to determine seed quality and proper seeding levels. They started planting immediately, and often worked in sight of artillery flashes. A week later, Borlaug discovered that his seeds were germinating at less than half the normal rate.^{[citation needed]} It later turned out that the seeds had been damaged in a Mexican warehouse by over-fumigation with a pesticide. He immediately ordered all locations to double their seeding rates.^{[citation needed]} The initial yields of Borlaug's crops were higher than any ever harvested in South Asia. The countries subsequently committed to importing large quantities of both the Lerma Rojo 64 and Sonora 64 varieties. In 1966, India imported 18,000 tons —the largest purchase and import of any seed in the world at that time. In 1967, Pakistan imported 42,000 tons, and Turkey 21,000 tons. Pakistan's import, planted on 1.5 million acres (6,100 km²), produced enough wheat to seed the entire nation's wheatland the following year.^[15] By 1968, when Ehrlich's book was released, William Gaud of the United States Agency for International Development was calling Borlaug's work a "Green Revolution". High yields led to a shortage of various utilities — labor to harvest the crops, bullock carts to haul it to the threshing floor, jute bags, trucks, rail cars, and grain storage facilities. Some local governments were forced to close school buildings temporarily to use them for grain storage.^[11]

Wheat yields in developing countries, 1950 to 2004. Baseline is 500 kg/ha.

In Pakistan, wheat yields nearly doubled, from 4.6 million tons in 1965 to 7.3 million tons in 1970; Pakistan was self-sufficient in wheat production by 1968.^{[citation needed]} Yields were over 21 million tons by 2000. In India, yields increased from 12.3 million tons in 1965 to 20.1 million tons in 1970. By 1974, India was self-sufficient in the production of all cereals. By 2000, India was harvesting a record 76.4 million tons (2.81 billion bushels) of wheat. Since the 1960s, food production in both nations has increased faster than the rate of population growth.^{[citation needed]} Paul Waggoner, of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, calculates that India's use of high-yield farming has prevented 100 million acres (400,000 km²) of virgin land from being converted into farmland—an area about the size of California, or 13.6% of the total area of India.^[23] The use of these wheat varieties has also had a substantial effect on production in six Latin American countries, six countries in the Near and Middle East, and several others in Africa.^{[citation needed]} Borlaug's work with wheat led to the development of high-yield semi-dwarf indica and japonica rice cultivars at the International Rice Research Institute, started by the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations, and at China's Hunan Rice Research Institute. Borlaug's colleagues at the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research also developed and introduced a high-yield variety of rice throughout most of Asia. Land devoted to the semi-dwarf wheat and rice varieties in Asia expanded from 200 acres (0.8 km²) in 1965 to over 40 million acres (160,000 km²) in 1970. In 1970, this land accounted for over 10% of the more productive cereal land in Asia.^[15]

Nobel Peace Prize
For his contributions to the world food supply, Borlaug was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970. Norwegian officials notified his wife in Mexico City at 4:00 am, but Borlaug had already left for the test fields in the Toluca valley, about 40 miles (65 km) west of Mexico City. A chauffeur took her to the fields to inform her husband. According to his daughter, Jeanie Laube, "My mom said, 'You won the Nobel Peace Prize,' and he said, 'No, I haven't', ... It took some convincing ... He thought the whole thing was a hoax".^[11] He was awarded the prize on December 10. In his Nobel Lecture the following day, he speculated on his award: "When the Nobel Peace Prize Committee designated me the recipient of the 1970 award for my contribution to the 'green revolution', they were in effect, I believe, selecting an individual to symbolize the vital role of agriculture and food production in a world that is hungry, both for bread and for peace".^[24]

Criticisms and his view of critics
Borlaug's name is nearly synonymous with the Green Revolution, against which many criticisms have been mounted over the decades by environmentalists and some nutritionalists. Throughout his years of research, Borlaug's programs often faced opposition by people who consider genetic crossbreeding to be unnatural or to have negative effects.^[26] Borlaug's work has been criticized for bringing large-scale monoculture, input-intensive farming techniques to countries that had previously relied on subsistence farming.^[27] These farming techniques reap large profits for U.S. agribusiness and agrochemical corporations such as Monsanto Company and have been criticized for widening social inequality in the countries owing to uneven food distribution while forcing a capitalist agenda of U.S. corporations onto countries that had undergone land reform.^[28] Other concerns of his critics and critics of biotechnology in general include: that the construction of roads in populated third-world areas could lead to the destruction of wilderness; the crossing of genetic barriers; the inability of crops to fulfill all nutritional requirements; the decreased biodiversity from planting a small number of varieties; the environmental and economic effects of inorganic fertilizer and pesticides; the amount of herbicide sprayed on fields of herbicide-resistant crops.^[29] Borlaug dismissed most claims of critics, but did take certain concerns seriously. He stated that his work has been "a change in the right direction, but it has not transformed the world into a Utopia".^[30] Of environmental lobbyists he stated, "some of the environmental lobbyists of the Western nations are the salt of the earth, but many of them are elitists. They've never experienced the physical sensation of hunger. They do their lobbying from comfortable office suites in Washington or Brussels. If they lived just one month amid the misery of the developing world, as I have for fifty years, they'd be crying out for tractors and fertilizer and irrigation canals and be outraged that fashionable elitists back home were trying to deny them these things".^[31] Later roles Following his retirement, Borlaug continued to participate actively in teaching, research and activism. He spent much of the year based at CIMMYT in Mexico, conducting research, and four months of the year serving at Texas A&M University, where he had been a distinguished professor of international agriculture since 1984. In 1999, the university's Board of Regents named its US$16 million Center for Southern Crop Improvement in honor of Borlaug. He worked in the building's Heep Center, and taught one semester each year.^[11]

Production in Africa
In the early 1980s, environmental groups that were opposed to Borlaug's methods campaigned against his planned expansion of efforts into Africa. They prompted the Rockefeller and Ford Foundations and the World Bank to stop funding most of his African agriculture projects. Western European governments were persuaded to stop supplying fertilizer to Africa. According to David Seckler, former Director General of the International Water Management Institute, "the environmental community in the 1980s went crazy pressuring the donor countries and the big foundations not to support ideas like inorganic fertilizers for Africa."^[23] In 1984, during the Ethiopian famine, Ryoichi Sasakawa, the chairman of the Japan Shipbuilding Industry Foundation (now the Nippon Foundation), contacted the semi-retired Borlaug, wondering why the methods used in Asia were not extended to Africa, and hoping Borlaug could help. He managed to convince Borlaug to help with this new effort,^[32] and subsequently founded the Sasakawa Africa Association (SAA) to coordinate the project.

Nigerian exchange students meet Norman Borlaug (third from right) at the World Food seminar, 2003.

The SAA is a research and extension organization that aims to increase food production in African countries that are struggling with food shortages. "I assumed we'd do a few years of research first," Borlaug later recalled, "but after I saw the terrible circumstances there, I said, 'Let's just start growing'."^[23] Soon, Borlaug and the SAA had projects in seven countries. Yields of maize and sorghum in developed African countries doubled between 1983 and 1985.^{[not in citation given]}^[33] Yields of wheat, cassava, and cowpeas also increased in these countries.^{[citation needed]} At present, program activities are under way in Benin, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Tanzania, and Uganda. From 1986 to 2009, Borlaug was the President of the SAA. That year, a joint venture between The Carter Center and SAA was launched called Sasakawa-Global 2000 (SG 2000).^[34] The program focuses on food, population and agricultural policy.^[35] Since then, more than 8 million African, small-scale farmers in 15 countries have been trained in SAA farming techniques, which have helped them to double or triple grain production.^[36] Those elements that allowed Borlaug's projects to succeed in India and Pakistan, such as well-organized economies and transportation and irrigation systems, are severely lacking throughout Africa, posing additional obstacles to increasing yields. Because of this, Borlaug's initial projects were restricted to developed regions of the continent. Despite these setbacks, Borlaug found encouragement. Visiting Ethiopia in 1994, Jimmy Carter won Prime Minister Meles Zenawi's support for a campaign seeking to aid farmers, using the fertilizer diammonium phosphate and Borlaug's methods. The following season, Ethiopia recorded the largest harvests of major crops in history, with a 32% increase in production, and a 15% increase in average yield over the previous season. For Borlaug, the rapid increase in yields suggests that there is still hope for higher food production throughout sub-Saharan Africa.^[23]

World Food Prize
The World Food Prize is an international award recognizing the achievements of individuals who have advanced human development by improving the quality, quantity or availability of food in the world. The prize was created in 1986 by Norman Borlaug, as a way to recognize personal accomplishments, and as a means of education by using the Prize to establish role models for others. The first prize was given to Borlaug's former colleague, M. S. Swaminathan, in 1987, for his work in India. The next year, Swaminathan used the US$250,000 prize to start the MS Swaminathan Research Foundation for research on sustainable development.

Online education
At the DuPont Agriculture & Nutrition Media Day held in Des Moines, Iowa, on September 25, 2000, Borlaug announced the launch of Norman Borlaug University, an Internet-based learning company for agriculture and food industry personnel. The University was unable to expand the necessary content or customer base, and since late 2001 has been defunct.

Future of global farming and food supply
The limited potential for land expansion for cultivation worried Borlaug, who, in March 2005, stated that, "we will have to double the world food supply by 2050." With 85% of future growth in food production having to come from lands already in use, he recommends a multidisciplinary research focus to further increase yields, mainly through increased crop immunity to large-scale diseases, such as the rust fungus, which affects all cereals but rice. His dream was to "transfer rice immunity to cereals such as wheat, maize, sorghum and barley, and transfer bread-wheat proteins (gliadin and glutenin) to other cereals, especially rice and maize".^[37] Borlaug believed that genetic manipulation of organisms (GMO) was the only way to increase food production as the world runs out of unused arable land. GMOs were not inherently dangerous "because we've been genetically modifying plants and animals for a long time. Long before we called it science, people were selecting the best breeds."^[38] According to Borlaug, "Africa, the former Soviet republics, and the cerrado are the last frontiers. After they are in use, the world will have no additional sizable blocks of arable land left to put into production, unless you are willing to level whole forests, which you should not do. So, future food-production increases will have to come from higher yields. And though I have no doubt yields will keep going up, whether they can go up enough to feed the population monster is another matter. Unless progress with agricultural yields remains very strong, the next century will experience sheer human misery that, on a numerical scale, will exceed the worst of everything that has come before".^[23] Besides increasing the worldwide food supply, early in his career Borlaug stated that taking steps to decrease the rate of population growth will also be necessary to prevent food shortages. In his Nobel Lecture of 1970, Borlaug stated, "Most people still fail to comprehend the magnitude and menace of the 'Population Monster' ... If it continues to increase at the estimated present rate of two percent a year, the world population will reach 6.5 billion by the year 2000. Currently, with each second, or tick of the clock, about 2.2 additional people are added to the world population. The rhythm of increase will accelerate to 2.7, 3.3, and 4.0 for each tick of the clock by 1980, 1990, and 2000, respectively, unless man becomes more realistic and preoccupied about this impending doom. The tick-tock of the clock will continually grow louder and more menacing each decade. Where will it all end?"^[24] However, some observers have suggested that by the 1990s Borlaug had changed his position on population control. They point to a quote from the year 2000 in which he stated: "I now say that the world has the technology — either available or well advanced in the research pipeline — to feed on a sustainable basis a population of 10 billion people. The more pertinent question today is whether farmers and ranchers will be permitted to use this new technology? While the affluent nations can certainly afford to adopt ultra low-risk positions, and pay more for food produced by the so-called 'organic' methods, the one billion chronically undernourished people of the low income, food-deficit nations cannot." ^[39] However, Borlaug remained on the advisory board of Population Media Center, an organization working to stabilize world population, until his death.^[40

Death

Wikinews has related news: Norman Borlaug, father of the Green Revolution, dies at age 95

Borlaug died of lymphoma at the age of 95, on September 12, 2009, in his Dallas home.^[1]^[41] Borlaug's children released a statement saying,

We would like his life to be a model for making a difference in the lives of others and to bring about efforts to end human misery for all mankind.^[42]

Prime Minister of India Manmohan Singh and President of India Pratibha Patil paid tribute to Borlaug saying,

Borlaug's life and achievement are testimony to the far-reaching contribution that one man's towering intellect, persistence and scientific vision can make to human peace and progress.^[43]

United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) described Borlaug as

... a towering scientist whose work rivals that of the 20th century's other great scientific benefactors of humankind.^[44]

Kofi Annan, former Secretary-General of the United Nations said,

As we celebrate Dr. Borlaug's long and remarkable life, we also celebrate the long and productive lives that his achievements have made possible for so many millions of people around the world... we will continue to be inspired by his enduring devotion to the poor, needy and vulnerable of our world.^[45]

Honors and recognition
In 1968, Borlaug received what he considered an especially satisfying tribute when the people of Ciudad Obregón, where some of his earliest experiments were undertaken, named a street after him. Also in that year, he became a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. In 1970, he was given an honorary doctorate by the Agricultural University of Norway.^[46] In 1970, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize by the Norwegian Nobel Committee "for his contributions to the "green revolution" that was having such an impact on food production particularly in Asia and in Latin America."^[46] In 1975, he was named a Distinguished Fellow of the Iowa Academy of Science.^[47] In 1980, he was elected honorary member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. In 1984, his name was placed in the National Agricultural Hall of Fame at the national center in Bonner Springs, Kansas. Also that year, he was recognized for sustained service to humanity through outstanding contributions in plant breeding from the Governors Conference on Agriculture Innovations in Little Rock, Arkansas. Also in 1984, he received the Henry G. Bennet Distinguished Service Award at commencement ceremonies at Oklahoma State University. He recently received the Charles A. Black Award for his contributions to public policy and the public understanding of science. In 1985, the University of Minnesota named a wing of the new science building in Borlaug's honor, calling it "Borlaug Hall." In 2012, a new elementary school in the Iowa City, IA school district opened, called "Norman Borlaug Elementary" ^[48] In addition to the Nobel Prize, Borlaug received the 1977 U.S. Presidential Medal of Freedom, the 2002 Public Welfare Medal from the National Academy of Sciences,^[49] the 2002 Rotary International Award for World Understanding and Peace, and the 2004 National Medal of Science. As of January 2004, Borlaug had received 49 honorary degrees from as many universities, in 18 countries, the most recent from Dartmouth College on June 12, 2005,^[50] and was a foreign or honorary member of 22 international Academies of Sciences.^[51] In Iowa and Minnesota, "World Food Day", October 16, is referred to as "Norman Borlaug World Food Prize Day". Throughout the United States, it is referred to as "World Food Prize Day". The Government of India, where he is known as the Father of India's Green Revolution, conferred the Padma Vibhushan, its second highest civilian award on him in 2006.^[52] He was awarded the Danforth Award for Plant Science by the Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, Missouri in recognition of his lifelong commitment to increasing global agricultural production through plant science. Several research institutions and buildings have been named in his honor, including: the Norman E. Borlaug Center for Farmer Training and Education, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, in 1983; Borlaug Hall, on the St. Paul Campus of the University of Minnesota in 1985; Borlaug Building at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) headquarters in 1986; the Norman Borlaug Institute for Plant Science Research at De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom in 1997; and the Norman E. Borlaug Center for Southern Crop Improvement, at Texas A&M University in 1999. In 2006, the Texas A&M University System created the Norman Borlaug Institute for International Agriculture to be a premier institution for agricultural development and to continue the legacy of Dr. Borlaug. The stained-glass "World Peace Window" at St. Mark's Episcopal Cathedral in Minneapolis, Minnesota, depicts "peace makers" of the 20th century, including Norman Borlaug.^[53] Borlaug was also prominently mentioned in an episode ("In this White House") of the TV show The West Wing. The president of a fictional African country describes the kind of "miracle" needed to save his country from the ravages of AIDS by referencing an American scientist who was able to save the world from hunger through the development of a new type of wheat. The U.S. president replies by providing Borlaug's name. Borlaug was also featured in an episode of Penn & Teller: Bullshit!, where he was referred to as the "Greatest Human Being That Ever Lived". In that episode, Penn & Teller play a card game where each card depicts a great person in history. Each player picks a few cards at random, and bets on whether one thinks one's card shows a greater person than the other players' cards based on a characterization such as humanitarianism or scientific achievement. Penn gets Norman Borlaug, and proceeds to bet all his chips, his house, his rings, his watch, and essentially everything he's ever owned. He wins because, as he says, "Norman is the greatest human being, and you've probably never heard of him." In the episode — the topic of which was genetically altered food — he is credited with saving the lives of over a billion people.^[54] In August 2006, Dr. Leon Hesser published The Man Who Fed the World: Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Norman Borlaug and His Battle to End World Hunger, an account of Borlaug's life and work. On August 4, the book received the 2006 Print of Peace award, as part of International Read For Peace Week. On September 27, 2006, the United States Senate by unanimous consent passed the Congressional Tribute to Dr. Norman E. Borlaug Act of 2006. The act authorizes that Borlaug be awarded America's highest civilian award, the Congressional Gold Medal. On December 6, 2006, the House of Representatives passed the measure by voice vote. President George Bush signed the bill into law on December 14, 2006, and it became Public Law Number 109–395.^[55] According to the act, "the number of lives Dr. Borlaug has saved [is] more than a billion people" The act authorizes the Secretary of the Treasury to strike and sell duplicates of the medal in bronze.^[56] He was presented with the medal on July 17, 2007.^[57] Borlaug was a foreign fellow of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences.^[58] Honors and recognition In 1968, Borlaug received what he considered an especially satisfying tribute when the people of Ciudad Obregón, where some of his earliest experiments were undertaken, named a street after him. Also in that year, he became a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. In 1970, he was given an honorary doctorate by the Agricultural University of Norway.^[46] In 1970, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize by the Norwegian Nobel Committee "for his contributions to the "green revolution" that was having such an impact on food production particularly in Asia and in Latin America."^[46] In 1975, he was named a Distinguished Fellow of the Iowa Academy of Science.^[47] In 1980, he was elected honorary member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. In 1984, his name was placed in the National Agricultural Hall of Fame at the national center in Bonner Springs, Kansas. Also that year, he was recognized for sustained service to humanity through outstanding contributions in plant breeding from the Governors Conference on Agriculture Innovations in Little Rock, Arkansas. Also in 1984, he received the Henry G. Bennet Distinguished Service Award at commencement ceremonies at Oklahoma State University. He recently received the Charles A. Black Award for his contributions to public policy and the public understanding of science. In 1985, the University of Minnesota named a wing of the new science building in Borlaug's honor, calling it "Borlaug Hall." In 2012, a new elementary school in the Iowa City, IA school district opened, called "Norman Borlaug Elementary" ^[48] In addition to the Nobel Prize, Borlaug received the 1977 U.S. Presidential Medal of Freedom, the 2002 Public Welfare Medal from the National Academy of Sciences,^[49] the 2002 Rotary International Award for World Understanding and Peace, and the 2004 National Medal of Science. As of January 2004, Borlaug had received 49 honorary degrees from as many universities, in 18 countries, the most recent from Dartmouth College on June 12, 2005,^[50] and was a foreign or honorary member of 22 international Academies of Sciences.^[51] In Iowa and Minnesota, "World Food Day", October 16, is referred to as "Norman Borlaug World Food Prize Day". Throughout the United States, it is referred to as "World Food Prize Day". The Government of India, where he is known as the Father of India's Green Revolution, conferred the Padma Vibhushan, its second highest civilian award on him in 2006.^[52] He was awarded the Danforth Award for Plant Science by the Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, Missouri in recognition of his lifelong commitment to increasing global agricultural production through plant science. Several research institutions and buildings have been named in his honor, including: the Norman E. Borlaug Center for Farmer Training and Education, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, in 1983; Borlaug Hall, on the St. Paul Campus of the University of Minnesota in 1985; Borlaug Building at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) headquarters in 1986; the Norman Borlaug Institute for Plant Science Research at De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom in 1997; and the Norman E. Borlaug Center for Southern Crop Improvement, at Texas A&M University in 1999. In 2006, the Texas A&M University System created the Norman Borlaug Institute for International Agriculture to be a premier institution for agricultural development and to continue the legacy of Dr. Borlaug. The stained-glass "World Peace Window" at St. Mark's Episcopal Cathedral in Minneapolis, Minnesota, depicts "peace makers" of the 20th century, including Norman Borlaug.^[53] Borlaug was also prominently mentioned in an episode ("In this White House") of the TV show The West Wing. The president of a fictional African country describes the kind of "miracle" needed to save his country from the ravages of AIDS by referencing an American scientist who was able to save the world from hunger through the development of a new type of wheat. The U.S. president replies by providing Borlaug's name. Borlaug was also featured in an episode of Penn & Teller: Bullshit!, where he was referred to as the "Greatest Human Being That Ever Lived". In that episode, Penn & Teller play a card game where each card depicts a great person in history. Each player picks a few cards at random, and bets on whether one thinks one's card shows a greater person than the other players' cards based on a characterization such as humanitarianism or scientific achievement. Penn gets Norman Borlaug, and proceeds to bet all his chips, his house, his rings, his watch, and essentially everything he's ever owned. He wins because, as he says, "Norman is the greatest human being, and you've probably never heard of him." In the episode — the topic of which was genetically altered food — he is credited with saving the lives of over a billion people.^[54]

In August 2006, Dr. Leon Hesser published The Man Who Fed the World: Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Norman Borlaug and His Battle to End World Hunger, an account of Borlaug's life and work. On August 4, the book received the 2006 Print of Peace award, as part of International Read For Peace Week. On September 27, 2006, the United States Senate by unanimous consent passed the Congressional Tribute to Dr. Norman E. Borlaug Act of 2006. The act authorizes that Borlaug be awarded America's highest civilian award, the Congressional Gold Medal. On December 6, 2006, the House of Representatives passed the measure by voice vote. President George Bush signed the bill into law on December 14, 2006, and it became Public Law Number 109–395.^[55] According to the act, "the number of lives Dr. Borlaug has saved [is] more than a billion people" The act authorizes the Secretary of the Treasury to strike and sell duplicates of the medal in bronze.^[56] He was presented with the medal on July 17, 2007.^[57] Borlaug was a foreign fellow of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences.^[58]

^{President George W. Bush along with House Majority Leader Steny Hoyer and House Speaker Nancy Pelosi congratulate Borlaug during the Congressional Gold Medal Ceremony on July 17, 2007.}

Books and lectures

Borlaug with USDA Agriculture Secretary Ann M. Veneman near the birthday cake prepared for his 90th birthday.

This list is incomplete.

Wheat in the Third World. 1982. Authors: Haldore Hanson, Norman E. Borlaug, and R. Glenn Anderson. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. ISBN 0-86531-357-1
Land use, food, energy and recreation. 1983. Aspen Institute for Humanistic Studies. ISBN 0-940222-07-8
Feeding a human population that increasingly crowds a fragile planet. 1994. Mexico City. ISBN 968-6201-34-3
Norman Borlaug on World Hunger. 1997. Edited by Anwar Dil. San Diego/Islamabad/Lahore: Bookservice International. 499 pages. ISBN 0-9640492-3-6
The Green Revolution Revisited and the Road Ahead. 2000. Anniversary Nobel Lecture, Norwegian Nobel Institute in Oslo, Norway. September 8, 2000.
"Ending World Hunger. The Promise of Biotechnology and the Threat of Antiscience Zealotry". 2000. Plant Physiology, October 2000, Vol. 124, pp. 487–490. (duplicate)
Feeding a World of 10 Billion People: The Tva/Ifdc Legacy. 2003. ISBN 0-88090-144-6
Prospects for world agriculture in the twenty-first century. 2004. Norman E. Borlaug, Christopher R. Dowswell. Published in: Sustainable agriculture and the international rice-wheat system. ISBN 0-8247-5491-3
Foreword to The Frankenfood Myth: How Protest and Politics Threaten the Biotech Revolution. 2004. Henry I. Miller, Gregory Conko. ISBN 0-275-97879-6
Norman E. Borlaug (2007) Sixty-two years of fighting hunger: personal recollections. Euphytica 157:287–297 (^[59])

Borlaug with USDA Agriculture Secretary Ann M. Veneman near the birthday cake prepared for his 90th birthday.

奇跡の麦

コムギや他の穀物では、多収になると穂の重さにより倒れ易くなる。ボーローグは小麦農林10号を親に用いて背の低い丈夫な麦を作った。これが奇跡の麦である。これにより、数億人もの食料危機に瀕している人々が救われた。この後米やその他の穀物の「奇跡の品種」がすぐ後に続き、世界の「緑の革命」の引き金となった。

受賞

ブッシュ大統領から議会名誉黄金勲章を贈られるボーローグ（2007年7月17日）

最終更新 2012年10月9日 (火) 14:13

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Monty Jones Interview.mov

アップロード日: 2011/10/28

Interview with Monty P. Jones, Executive Director, FARA (Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa). He is a World Food Prize Laureate and developer of NERCA (new Rice for Africa)

カテゴリ教育

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'Nerica' Rice Improves Food Security in the South of Senegal

公開日: 2012/05/16
USAID, by introducing new seed varieties under the Feed the Future initiatitve, is helping farmers produce higher yields of a superior rice product to boost agricultural incomes and safeguard food security.

カテゴリ非営利団体と社会活動

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Bintu and her new African rice

アップロード日: 2011/03/21

This video, produced by AGCOM International - http://www.agcomintl.com - in 1998, tells the story of the participatory varietal selection (PVS) program and the early acceptance of the 'New Rice for Africa' (NERICA) by upland-rice farmers in West and Central Africa.

Bintu, played by rice farmer Delphine Koudou, of Gagnoa, Côte d'Ivoire, is a composite of the farmers who were involved in this project.

カテゴリ　教育

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Interview with Dr Moussa Sie, Africa Rice Breeding Task Force coordinator, AfricaRice

アップロード日: 2012/01/16

Interview with Dr Moussa Sie, Africa Rice Breeding Task Force coordinator, AfricaRice, during the Africa Rice Breeding Task Force Annual Meeting held at AfricaRice, Cotonou, Benin, 11-12 May 2011. (Video credit : R.Raman, AfricaRice)

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Second Annual Meeting of the Africa Rice Breeding Task Force

公開日: 2012/05/03

Videocast of the 4-day sessions of Second Annual Meeting of the Africa Rice Breeding Task Force held at AfricaRice, Cotonou, Benin, 24-27 April 2012.

Breeders from national agricultural research systems of 22 African countries, AfricaRice and the International Rice Research Institute met at the 2nd Annual Meeting of the Africa Rice Breeding Task Force, Cotonou, Benin.

The objective of this Task Force is to accelerate the development and release of new rice varieties through multi-environment and multi- year trials of many promising breeding lines.

The Breeding Task Force has also been actively engaged in capacity development programs on breeding, experimental design, and germplasm database management for national researchers.

At this meeting, four days of intensive discussions led to identification of promising rice lines to advance in the screening process. The rice breeders are confident that in 2013 the first lines that have gone through this continent-wide screening process will be ready for release.

Speakers in videocast (in order of appearance) :

Jimmy Lamo, Rice Breeder, National Agricultural research Organization (NARO), Uganda

Aiah Steven Ngaujah, Rice Breeder, Sierra Leone Agricultural Research Institute (SLARI), Sierra Leone

Moussa Sie, Africa Rice Breeding Task Force coordinator, AfricaRice, Benin

Semon Mande, Upland Rice Breeder, AfricaRice, Nigeria

Negussie Zenna, Rice Breeder (High Altitudes), AfricaRice, Tanzania

Ibnou Dieng, Biometrician, AfricaRice, Benin

Venuprasad Ramaiah, Lowland Rice Breeder, AfricaRice, Nigeria

Maji Alhassan Tswako, Breeder, National Cereals Research Institute (NCRI), Nigeria

Rakesh Kumar Singh, Africa-IRRI STRASA project coordinator and regional plant breeding coordinator for Eastern and Southern Africa, Tanzania

Paul Kofi Dartey, Rice Breeder, CSIR-Crops Research Institute, Ghana

Bello Akanke Illyath, Assistante de recherche, Institut National de Recherches Agricoles du Bénin (INRAB), Cotonou, Bénin

Bayuh Belay, Coordinator, National Rice Research Program, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), Ethiopia

Raharinivo Viviane, Selectionneur, Centre National de la recherche appliquee au developpement rural (FOFIFA), Madagascar

Innocent Ndikumana, Rice scientist/Breeder, Rwanda Agriculture Board (RAB), Rwanda

Raafat El Namaky, Hybrid Rice Breeder, AfricaRice, Senegal

Baboucarr Manneh, Irrigated Rice Breeder and AfricaRice STRASA project coordinator, AfricaRice, Senegal

Absa Jaw, Senior Research Officer (breeder), National Agricultural Research Institute (NARI), The Gambia

Marco Wopereis, Deputy Director General and Director of Research for Development, AfricaRice, Cotonou, Benin

Videocast credit: R.Raman, AfricaRice

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AfricaRice : Average rice yields in sub-Saharan Africa jump after the rice crisis

公開日: 2013/03/14

An analysis by the Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice) has revealed that the paddy rice production growth rate in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) shot up from 3.2% per year before the rice crisis (2000--2007) to 8.4% per year after the rice crisis (2007--2012).

The analysis also showed that average rice yield jumped by about 30% from 2007 to 2012 and that it is increasing at a faster rate than the global average.

"We were pleased to learn that paddy rice production in SSA increased by 2.8 million tonnes from 2000 to 2007, and then accelerated, increasing by 4.7 million tonnes in the period 2007--2012. But what's more important, the analysis revealed that average rice yield in SSA increased by about 11 kg per ha per year from 1961 to 2007 and by a spectacular 108 kg per ha per year from 2007 to 2012, despite drought and floods in several African countries in 2011 and 2012," said AfricaRice Deputy Director General Dr Marco Wopereis.

For more information on this analysis, visit Dr Wopereis' Blog @ marcowopereis.wordpress.com

Video credit : Savitri Mohapatra, R.Raman, AfricaRice

カテゴリ科学と技術

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2012 Global Hunger Index

公開日: 2012/10/10

Video for the 2012 Global Hunger Index - www.ifpri.org/ghi/2012 - The challenge of hunger: Ensuring sustainable food security under land, water, and energy stresses