2014年12月10日水曜日

IAEA which behaves like a bad doubtful Syndicate // IAEA：delete the document


IAEA which behaves like a bad doubtful Syndicate.

IAEA：delete the document．
（資料を削除する）

IAEA：delete and tamper with the document.　
（資料を改竄,削除する）

☆" The accident at Chernobyl was approximately 400 times more potent than the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima. ''☆






 
 
 
 
 
 
 IAEA : Atomic energy village Syndicate of thieves
 
IAEA Director General Yukiya Amano
天野之弥　あまの ゆきや 
第5代 国際原子力機関 (IAEA) 事務局長







Search Results

http://nucleus.iaea.org/GSA/Search.aspx?q=The%20accident%20at%20Chernobyl%20was%20approximately%20400%20times%20more%20potent%20than%20the%20atomic%20bomb%20dropped%20on%20Hiroshima.%20However%2C%20the%20atomic%20bomb%20testing%20conducted%20by%20several%20countries%20around%20the%20world%20during%20the%201960s%20and%201970s%20contributed%20100%20to%201%2C000%20times%20more%20radioactive%20material%20to%20the%20environment%20than%20Chernobyl.&id=&start=0

Your search - "The accident at Chernobyl was approximately 400 times more potent than the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima. However, the atomic bomb testing conducted by several countries around the world during the 1960s and 1970s contributed 100 to 1,000 times more radioactive material to the environment than Chernobyl." - did not match any documents.

Suggestions:
  • Make sure all words are spelled correctly.
  • Try different keywords.
  • Try more general keywords.

Copyright © 2014 International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). All rights reserved.

============================================================

https://twitter.com/matuoka7ocean/status/542643614254260224

https://twitter.com/matuoka7ocean/status/542664608465432576



matuokaisenokamikaze@matuoka7ocean                 
IAEA which behaves like a bad doubtful Syndicate/ IAEA：delete the document

 2014年12月10日


https://twitter.com/matuoka7ocean/status/543336192410796032



matuokaisenokamikaze ‏@matuoka7ocean              
IAEA which behaves like a bad doubtful Syndicate/ IAEA：delete the document
2014年12月12日       


ＴWITTER検索：''あああ福島原発事故の潜在する放射能''

https://twitter.com/search?f=realtime&q=%E3%81%82%E3%81%82%E3%81%82%E7%A6%8F%E5%B3%B6%E5%8E%9F%E7%99%BA%E4%BA%8B%E6%95%85%E3%81%AE%E6%BD%9C%E5%9C%A8%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E8%83%BD%E6%B1%9A%E6%9F%93%E3%81%AF%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8E%E3%83%96%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AA%E3%81%AE%EF%BC%92%EF%BC%90%E5%80%8D%E3%83%BB%E5%BA%83%E5%B3%B6%E5%8E%9F%E7%88%86%E3%81%AE8000%E5%80%8B%E5%88%86%E3%81%AB%E7%9B%B8%E5%BD%93%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B&src=typd

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Hiroshima Atomic Bomb (1945)



2011/08/01 にアップロード
Hiroshima Atomic Bomb (1945). A Day That Shook The World. The first atom bomb to be used as a weapon, "Little Boy" (as was its codename) was dropped on to the flat terrain of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. The bomb vapourised buildings and killed nearly 70,000 people directly but by the end of 1945, nearly 100,000 had died from its protracted effects.

Watch here more clips about the 'Atomic Science': https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1xgFP...

A Day That Shook The World is the classic series that recalls the days of the 20th century that proved to be era-defining and pivotal in the course of modern history.

90,000 historic films, all SEARCHABLE on Youtube at:
http://www.youtube.com/britishpathe

Check out our "A Day That Shook the World" playlist:
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list...

Follow us on Twitter:
@britishpathe.com

Join us on Facebook:
http://www.facebook.com/britishpathe

============================================================

============================================================

Fukushima Japan Nuclear Disaster - Radiation Explosion



2011/03/17 にアップロード
Behavior of nuclear fuel during a reactor accident

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_...

============================================================

Fukushima (Japan) Nuclear Power Plant Explosion 12 March 2011



2011/03/12 にアップロード
Some short pieces of reporting from BBC and Sky News this morning, obtained between 9:00 and 9:30am GMT, mostly reporting on the news of a large explosion at Japan's 'Number One' Nuclear Power Plant, following the catastophic earthquake yesterday. Also some other clips that aid in summarizing, in snapshot form, the incredible destruction caused by the quake.

* UK Foreign Office has set up a helpline for anybody concerned about relatives in Japan: 0207 008 0000 *

============================================================

Reactor 3 Nuclear Explosion at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant  



2011/03/17 にアップロード
April 13, 2011 Possible Nuclear Explosion at 3 Scientists are investigating... "I believe that the explosion of the No 3 reactor may have also involved criticality but this must await the release of data on measurements of the Xenon isotope ratios," he writes in a statement on Fukushima and Chernobyl.

-----------Update 2--------

Reactor 3 - 5-6 Days Before Hot Rods Reach Critical Mass

"How long does it for spent fuel rods to reach dangerous levels? "NRC calculated spent fuel rods in ideal conditions would be at risk of combustion in 140 hours"

As fuel rod temperatures increase, the gas pressure inside the fuel rod increases and eventually can cause the cladding to balloon out? and rupture." Institute for Environmental Research

Experts are predicting Japan has until Saturday to get #3 under control. In experiments the time line of fire and explosion was five to six days after the rods were taken out of the coolant.

Japan has focused all their resources on Reactor 3, because the mixture of plutonium-239 and uranium-235 is the makings for a nuclear weapon.

-------- Update 1-----------

Update: Reactor 3 has the components of a nuclear weapon

Quoted from XOF(mirrored):

The fuel rods at all six reactors at the stricken Fukushima Dai-ichi complex contain plutonium — better known as fuel for nuclear weapons. While plutonium is more toxic than uranium, other radioactive elements leaking out are likely to be of greater danger to the general public.

Plutonium is indeed nasty stuff, especially damaging to lungs and kidneys. It is also less stable than uranium and can more easily spark a dangerous nuclear chain reaction.

But plutonium, like uranium, is a heavy element that is not easily dispersed in the air. It is the other byproducts of nuclear power generation, such as radioactive forms of cesium and iodine, that are more prone to spread and cause widespread contamination.

Here's how the uranium in a typical reactor turns into a mixture that includes plutonium:

When the pellets of uranium dioxide inside the thin fuel rods are split to create energy in the reactor, they release neutrons that, in turn, create highly radioactive plutonium-239. This is the same type of plutonium used to make nuclear weapons.

This plutonium also splits, creating even more energy. By the end of a uranium fuel cycle, 40 percent of the energy produced comes from the splitting of plutonium.

The spent fuel rod that remains at the end of the process contains uranium, plutonium, and a cocktail of other poisonous and radioactive byproducts.

The Fukushima Dai-ichi site has a considerable number of fuel rods on hand, according to information provided Thursday by Toyko Electric Power Co., which owns the atomic complex: There are 3,400 tons of fuel in seven spent fuel pools within the six-reactor plant, including one joint pool storing very old fuel from units 3 and 4. There are 877 tons in five of the reactor cores. Officials have said that the fuel in Unit 4's reactor vessel was transferred to its spent fuel pool when the unit was temporarily shut in November.

If plutonium did get out, it wouldn't disappear quickly. Plutonium-239 has a half-life of 25,000 years, meaning it takes that long to lose half of its radioactive potency. Uranium-235 has a half-life of 700 million years. And cesium, which tends to go airborne much more easily, has a half-life of 30 years.

Japan has recently built a facility to remove the byproducts and reprocess the plutonium and uranium into a substance called MOX for reuse in its reactors.

This was done in part to reduce the amount of spent fuel that is kept onsite at nuclear plants.

Japan's reprocessing plant, in Rokkasho, a village 300 miles (500 kilometers) north of Fukushima, is only starting up, and hasn't yet begun full operation.

Japan started to use MOX in some of its reactors to learn how it affects plant operations. In general, MOX fuel runs hotter than uranium oxide while inside the reactor.

The United States does not reprocess fuel and encourages other countries not to do so because of fears that plutonium recovered in the process could be used to make nuclear weapons.

============================================================

IAEA Director General's Update on Tsunami and Earthquake Emergency Response  



2011/03/12 にアップロード
12 March 2011, 2000 CET IAEA Director General Yukiya Amano provided a video statement on the aftermath of the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan. Director General Amano expressed his sincerest condolences for the lives and homes lost, and said "My heart goes out to the people of my home country as they rise to the challenge of this immense tragedy."

Director General Amano notes the current effort to prevent further damage to Unit 1 reactor at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant.

In response to the situation, Director General Amano also explained the IAEA's dual role to use emergency communication channels to exchange verified, official information between Japan and other IAEA Member States, as well as to coordinate the delivery of international assistance, should Japan or other affected countries request it.

============================================================

Japan nuclear syndicate

Fukushima LETHAL Radiation, NRC "DUMP RAD WATER", SECRETS LAW PASSED update 12/6/13  



2013/12/06 に公開

Highest radiation levels measured outside reactor LETHAL IN 20 MINUTES
Tokyo Electric Power Company says radiation levels are extremely high in an area near a ventilation pipe at the crippled Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant.
TEPCO found radiation of 25 sieverts an hour on a duct, which connects reactor buildings and the 120-meter-tall ventilation pipe.
The estimated radiation level is the highest ever detected outside reactor buildings. People exposed to this level of radiation would die within 20 minutes.
The exhaust pipe in question was used to release radioactive gases following the outbreak of the accident 2 years ago.
TEPCO says radioactive substances could remain inside the pipes.
Dec. 6, 2013 - Updated 21:13 UTC

NRC chief: Consider releasing contaminated water IS ANYONE SURPRISED?
The top US nuclear regulator says Japan should study discharging water containing radioactive tritium from Fukushima after diluting its contents.
The chairperson of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Allison Macfarlane, spoke with NHK in Tokyo on Friday.
She referred to the radioactive water building up at the disabled Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant. Workers are decontaminating the water, but currently have no method of removing the tritium.
Macfarlane noted that the decision is up to Japan.
She said the issue is very complex with no silver bullet to solve it. But she added that Japan should probably consider releasing the water into the sea, after diluting its contents to below the government-set limit.
Macfarlane's suggestion is in line with a recent recommendation by experts from the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Macfarlane also spoke about the disposal of high-level nuclear waste. She said every country that has a nuclear program has to deal with the issue, and most of them are pursuing the idea of building a repository deep down in the earth.
Dec. 6, 2013 - Updated 07:05 UTC

Japan's Diet enacts state secrecy law THIS SHOULD WORRY YOU.
Lawmakers in Japan have approved a bill that gives the government the authority to designate certain official information as special secrets. The law will strictly penalize those who leak information.
Lawmakers in the ruling coalition used their majority in the Upper House to cut off debate on the secrecy bill.
Then they voted in favor of it.
The law gives senior government officials the authority to define information as 'special secrets.'
That would include material related to defense, diplomacy, counter-intelligence and counter-terrorism.
Public servants found guilty of leaking such secrets could be jailed for up to 10 years.
Some people, including international human rights groups, writers and scientists, are concerned about the power the law gives Japan's leaders. They say it will undermine the people's right to know.
Prime Minister Abe has vowed to set up panels to oversee the decisions officials make under the new law.
Dec. 6, 2013 - Updated 15:48 UTC

Govt. to keep nuclear power as base source WOW, THIS IS JUST UNFUKUSHIMA BELIEVABLE KAMIKAZE
Japanese government officials have drafted a basic energy policy designed to keep nuclear power generation as an important base source of electricity.
The draft presented on Friday to an industry ministry energy policy panel says Japan must reduce its reliance on nuclear power as much as possible.
But it also says the country will continue nuclear power generation if power plant safety is ensured. It says the method produces a steady electricity supply at a low cost without worsening climate change.
The plan marks a major shift from a policy drawn up last year by the Democratic Party government aimed at ending nuclear power generation in the 2030s. It also called for a halt to building reactors.
The new draft does not mention any plan to build or rebuild nuclear power plants.
On renewable energy sources, the draft says Japan aims to promote renewable energy sources as promising domestic resources for the next 3 years or so.
The government plans to get the new policy approved by Cabinet early next year.
Dec. 6, 2013 - Updated 10:45 UTC

Headlines I may have missed: Radioactive Reality (06 December 2013) Japan enacts state secrets law http://youtu.be/mlNbrxcqjko
 
============================================================

Fukushima Crime Syndicate & Nuclear Lap Dogs | Brainwash Update


 
2013/12/04 に公開
Abby Martin calls out the International Atomic Energy Agency for their endorsement of the Tokyo Electric Power Company's response to the nuclear disaster, despite the company's gross mismanagement of disaster.

LIKE Breaking the Set @ http://fb.me/BreakingTheSet
FOLLOW Abby Martin @ http://twitter.com/AbbyMartin

============================================================

Fukushima Crime Syndicate | Brainwash Update



2012/11/02 に公開

Abby Martin takes a look at the intertwined relationship between the Japanese Yakuza crime syndicate and the nuclear energy industry in Japan.

LIKE Breaking the Set @ http://fb.me/BreakingTheSet
FOLLOW Abby Martin @ http://twitter.com/AbbyMartin

============================================================

Atom-Alarm in Japan! AKW Fukushima explodiert. Radioaktivität tritt aus. (Part 3 20.00 Uhr)  



2011/03/12 にアップロード

Was passiert nun? Im Gedenken an Die Opfer der Katastrophe bitte ich jeden der dieses Video sieht, gedanklich um eine Schweigeminute.

part 1: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dTdHN6...
part 2: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4qp7h-...

============================================================

Fukushima Nuclear Disaster



2014/07/08 に公開
Fukushima Nuclear Disaster
http://top-nuclear-disasters.blogspot...

=====================================================================
=====================================================================


=====================================================================
=====================================================================

[以下引用：Open quote start]

http://ameblo.jp/global7ocean/entry-10939653444.html

あああ福島原発事故の潜在する放射能汚染はチェルノブイリの２０倍・広島原爆の8000個分に相当する


matuokaisenokamikaze matuokaisenokamikaze
@matuoka7ocean Japan
Let's create the future with hope. Let's make up the harmonic peaceful and sustainable social structure in the global world.
http://matuoka1248.blogspot.com/

matuokaisenokamikaze
 
福島原発事故の潜在する放射能汚染はチェルノブイリの２０倍・広島原爆の8000個分に相当する。 チェルノブイリ原発事故：広島市に投下された原子爆弾（リトルボーイ）による放出量の約400倍。
参考リンク：Ｙｏｕｔｕｂｅ：（Little boy） 検索
 
VIDEO - ATOMICA - Bomba Atomica (Hiroshima, Litte Boy, 06.08.45) - 00.22.avi 
 
  （付記：　２０×４００＝８０００）
 
matuokaisenokamikaze
 
From Wikipedia: ：Arnold Gundersen said Fukushima has 20 times the potential to be released than Chernobyl.

参考リンク：　Arnold Gundersen http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Gundersen

matuokaisenokamikaze
 
チェルノブイリ原子力発電所事故 広島市に投下された原子爆弾（リトルボーイ）による放出量の約400倍とする国際原子力機関 (IAEA) による記録が残されている。

From：
 
http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/features/chernobyl-15/cherno-faq.shtml
 
Frequently Asked Chernobyl Questions

以下抜粋：

12. How does Chernobyl’s effect measure up to the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki?

The accident at Chernobyl was approximately 400 times more potent than the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima. However, the atomic bomb testing conducted by several countries around the world during the 1960s and 1970s contributed 100 to 1,000 times more radioactive material to the environment than Chernobyl.

Copyright©, International Atomic Energy Agency.

 ＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukushima_I_nuclear_accidents

Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

以下抜粋：
(Redirected from Fukushima I nuclear accidents )
"Fukushima nuclear disaster" redirects here. For the incidents at Fukushima Daini (Fukushima II), see Fukushima Daini Nuclear Power Plant

The Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant consists of six light water , boiling water reactors (BWR) designed by General Electric driving electrical generators with a combined power of 4.7 gigawatts, making Fukushima I one of the 25 largest nuclear power stations in the world . Fukushima I was the first nuclear plant to be constructed and run entirely by the Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO).

Unit 1 is a 439 MWe type (BWR3) reactor constructed in July 1967. It commenced commercial electrical production on 26 March 1971.[40] It was designed for a peak ground acceleration of 0.18 g (1.74 m/s2) and a response spectrum based on the 1952 Kern County earthquake .[41] Units 2 and 3 are both 784 MWe type BWR-4 reactors, Unit 2 commenced operating in July 1974 and Unit 3 in March 1976. The design basis for all units ranged from 0.42 g (4.12 m/s2) to 0.46 g (4.52 m/s2).[42] [43] All units were inspected after the 1978 Miyagi earthquake when the ground acceleration was 0.125 g (1.22 m/s2) for 30 seconds, but no damage to the critical parts of the reactor was discovered.[41]
Units 1–5 have a Mark 1 type (light bulb torus ) containment structure , Unit 6 has Mark 2 type (over/under) containment structure.[41] From September 2010, Unit 3 has been fueled by mixed-oxide (MOX) fuel .[44]
At the time of the accident, the units and central storage facility contained the following numbers of fuel assemblies:[45]
 
Reactor Fuel Assemblies
Unit 1
400		Unit 2
548		Unit 3
548		Unit 4
0		Unit 5
548		Unit 6
764		Central Storage
0

Spent Fuel Assemblies
Unit 1
292		Unit 2
587		Unit 3
514		Unit 4
1331		Unit 5
946		Unit 6
876		Central Storage
6375

New Fuel Assemblies
Unit 1
100		Unit 2
28		Unit 3
52		Unit 4
204		Unit 5
48		Unit 6
64		Central Storage
N/A

 
Central fuel storage areas

Used fuel assemblies taken from reactors are initially stored for at least 18 months in the pools adjacent to their reactors. They can then be transferred to the central fuel storage pond.[3] This contains 6375 fuel assemblies and was reported "secured" with a temperature of 55 °C. After further cooling, fuel can be transferred to dry cask storage, which has shown no signs of abnormalities.[301] On 21 March, temperatures in the fuel pond had risen a little to 61 °C and water was sprayed over the pool.[3] Power was restored to cooling systems on 24 March and by 28 March temperatures were reported down to 35 °C.[121] 

Radiation levels and radioactive contamination

Main article: Radiation effects from Fukushima I nuclear accidents

Radioactive material has been released from the Fukushima containment vessels as the result of deliberate venting to reduce gaseous pressure, deliberate discharge of coolant water into the sea, and accidental or uncontrolled events. Junichi Matsumoto, acting head of TEPCO's Nuclear Power & Plant Siting Division, acknowledged the seriousness of the Fukushima accident at a [12 April] press conference stating, "although the details of the [Chernobyl and Fukushima] accidents are different, from the standpoint of how much radiation has been released, [Fukushima] is equal to or more serious than Chernobyl."[302] 

Japanese Nuclear Safety Commission numbers, Asahi Shimbun reported that by 24 March the accident might have emitted 30,000 to 110,000 TBq of iodine-131 .[303] 

The highest reported radiation dose rate outside was 1000 mSv/h on 16 March.[304]

On 29 March, at times near Unit 2, radiation monitoring was hampered by a belief that some radiation levels may be higher than 1000 mSv/h, but that "1,000 millisieverts is the upper limit of their measuring devices".   The maximum permissible dose for Japanese nuclear workers was increased to 250 mSv/year, for emergency situations after the accidents.[305]  TEPCO has been criticized in providing insufficient safety equipment for its workers, including accusations of a lack of monitoring and decontamination equipment, and for giving the most dangerous work to subcontractors.[306] [307] [308] [309] 
The maximum permissible dose for Japanese nuclear workers was increased to 250 mSv/year, for emergency situations after the accidents.[305]  TEPCO has been criticized in providing insufficient safety equipment for its workers, including accusations of a lack of monitoring and decontamination equipment, and for giving the most dangerous work to subcontractors.[306] [307] [308] [309] 

The Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare announced that levels of radioactivity exceeding legal limits had been detected in milk produced in the Fukushima area and in certain vegetables in Ibaraki. On 23 March, Tokyo drinking water exceeded the safe level for infants, prompting the government to distribute bottled water to families with infants.[310]Seawater near the discharge of the plant elevated levels of iodine-131 were found on 22 March, which had increased to 3,355 times the legal limit on 29 March.[citation needed ]
 
Accident rating

The severity of the nuclear accident is provisionally[346] rated 7 on the International Nuclear Event Scale (INES). This scale runs from 0, indicating an abnormal situation with no safety consequences, to 7, indicating an accident causing widespread contamination with serious health and environmental effects. Prior to Fukushima, the Chernobyl disaster was the only level 7 accident on record, while the Three Mile Island accident was a level 5 accident.

The Japan Atomic Energy Agency initially rated the situation at Unit 1 below both of these previous accidents; on 13 March it announced it was classifying the event at level 4, an "accident with local consequences".[347] On 18 March it raised its rating on Units 1, 2 and 3 to Level 5, an "accident with wider consequences". It classified the situation at Unit 4 as a level 3 "serious incident".[348]
Several parties disputed the Japanese classifications, arguing that the situation was more severe than they were admitting at the time. On 14 March, three Russian experts stated that the nuclear accident should be classified at Level 5, perhaps even Level 6.[349] One day later, the French nuclear safety authority ASN said that the Fukushima plant could be classified as a Level 6.[350] as of 18 March, the French nuclear authority —and as of 15 March, the Finnish nuclear safety authority —estimated the accidents at Fukushima to be at Level 6 on the INES.[351] [352]
On 24 March, a scientific consultant for noted anti-nuclear environmental group Greenpeace , working with data from the Austrian ZAMG [353] and French IRSN , prepared an analysis in which he rated the total Fukushima accident at INES level 7.[354] 
 
The Asahi Shimbun newspaper reported on 26 March that the accident might warrant level 6, based on its calculations.[303] The Wall Street Journal stated that Japan's NISA would make any decision on raising the level.[355] INES level 6, or "serious accident", had only been applied to the Kyshtym disaster (Soviet Union, 1957), while the only level 7 was Chernobyl (Soviet Union, 1986). Previous level 5 accidents included the Windscale fire (United Kingdom, 1957); the Lucens reactor (Switzerland, 1969); Three Mile Island (United States, 1979); and the Goiânia accident (Brazil, 1987).
Assessing "seriousness" as partial or full meltdown at a civilian plant, The New York Times reported on 3 April that based on remote sensing, computer "simulations suggest that the number of serious accidents has suddenly doubled, with three of the reactors at the Fukushima Daiichi complex in some stage of meltdown." The Times counted three previous civilian meltdowns, from World Nuclear Association information: Three Mile Island; Saint-Laurent Nuclear Power Plant (France, 1980, INES level 4); and Chernobyl.[356] 
 
On 11 April, the Japanese Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency (NISA) temporarily raised the disaster at Fukushima Daiichi to Level 7 on the INES scale, by considering the whole event and not considering each reactor as an individual event per se (rated between 3 and 5). This would make Fukushima the second Level 7 "major accident" in the history of the nuclear industry; having said that, radiation released as a result of the events at Fukushima was, as of 12 April, only approximately 10% of that released as a result of the accident at Chernobyl (1986), also rated as INES Level 7.[346] [357] 
 
Arnold Gundersen said Fukushima has 20 times the potential to be released than Chernobyl. Hot spots are being found 60 to 70 kilometres away from the reactor (further away than they were found from Chernobyl), and the amount of radiation in many of them is the amount that caused areas to be declared no-man's-land for Chernobyl. [358]

This page was last modified on 30 June 2011 at 13:02.
 
=======================================

From:
 
http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8E%E3%83%96%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AA%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E7%99%BA%E9%9B%BB%E6%89%80%E4%BA%8B%E6%95%85
 
チェルノブイリ原子力発電所事故

以下抜粋：

チェルノブイリ原子力発電所事故（チェルノブイリげんしりょくはつでんしょじこ）とは、1986年4月26日1時23分（モスクワ時間 ※UTC+3）にソビエト連邦（現：ウクライナ）のチェルノブイリ原子力発電所4号炉で起きた原子力事故。後に決められた国際原子力事象評価尺度 (INES) において最悪のレベル7（深刻な事故）の参考事例として知られている。なお、レベル7の事故（深刻な事故）は歴史上、暫定評価レベル7（深刻な事故）の福島第一原子力発電所事故とチェルノブイリ原子力発電所4号炉で起きた原子力事故の二つしかない。 

当時、チェルノブイリ原子力発電所にはソ連が独自に設計開発した黒鉛減速沸騰軽水圧力管型原子炉(RBMK)のRBMK-1000型を使用した4つの原子炉が稼働しており、そのうち4号炉が炉心溶融（世間一般でいう｢メルトダウン｣）ののち爆発し、放射性降下物がウクライナ・白ロシア（ベラルーシ）・ロシアなどを汚染した。事故後のソ連政府の対応の遅れも相まって被害が拡大・広範化し、福島第一原子力発電所事故と並ぶ、史上最悪の原子力事故のひとつとされている。

1991年のソ連崩壊以後は原子力発電所が領土内に立地しているウクライナに処理義務がある。2010年現在もなお、原発から半径30km以内の地域での居住が禁止されるとともに、原発から北東へ向かって約350kmの範囲内にはホットスポットと呼ばれる局地的な高濃度汚染地域が約100箇所にわたって点在し、ホットスポット内においては農業や畜産業などが全面的に禁止されており、また、その周辺でも制限されている地域がある。
 
この規模の原発事故は当該事故と2011年に発生した福島第一原子力発電所事故の他に例がなく、原子力開発の歴史上で最悪の事故と言われている。
事故当時、爆発した4号炉は操業休止中であり、原子炉が止まった場合を想定した実験を行っていた。この実験中に制御不能に陥り、炉心が融解、爆発したとされる。爆発により、原子炉内の放射性物質[注釈 1]が大気中に量にして推定10t前後[要出典]、14エクサベクレル に及び放射性物質が放出された[1] 。
 
これに関しては、広島市に投下された原子爆弾（リトルボーイ）による放出量の約400倍とする国際原子力機関 (IAEA) による記録が残されている[要出典]。詳細は影響の部分を参照の事。
 
最終更新 2011年6月21日 (火) 11:22 （日時は個人設定 で未設定ならばUTC ）。
 
=====================================================================

http://ameblo.jp/global7ocean/entry-10939808696.html

②あああ福島原発事故の潜在する放射能汚染はチェルノブイリの２０倍・広島原爆の8000個分に相当す



①の続き：あああ福島原発事故の潜在する放射能汚染はチェルノブイリの２０倍・広島原爆の8000個分に相当する。

　（　①リンク 　 http://ameblo.jp/global7ocean/entry-10939653444.html ）

②あああ福島原発事故の潜在する放射能汚染はチェルノブイリの２０倍・広島原爆の8000個分に相当する。

＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝




From：

http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/features/chernobyl-15/cherno-faq.shtml 
 
Frequently Asked Chernobyl Questions
以下抜粋：

12. How does Chernobyl’s effect measure up to the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki?

The accident at Chernobyl was approximately 400 times more potent than the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima. However, the atomic bomb testing conducted by several countries around the world during the 1960s and 1970s contributed 100 to 1,000 times more radioactive material to the environment than Chernobyl.

Copyright©, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria
Telephone (+431) 2600-0; Facsimile (+431) 2600-7; E-mail: Official.Mail@iaea.org

＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝

From：

http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8E%E3%83%96%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AA%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E7%99%BA%E9%9B%BB%E6%89%80%E4%BA%8B%E6%95%85

チェルノブイリ原子力発電所事故

当初、ソ連政府は住民のパニックや機密漏洩を恐れ、この事故を公表しなかった。また、付近住民の避難措置なども取られなかったため、彼らは甚大な量の放射線をまともに浴びることになった。しかし、翌4月27日にスウェーデンのフォルスマルク原子力発電所にてこの事故が原因の放射性物質が検出され、4月28日、ソ連も事故の公表に踏み切った（当初、フォルスマルク原発の技術者は「核戦争」が起こったと考えた[2]）。日本においても、5月3日に雨水中から放射性物質が確認された[3]。
爆発後も火災は止まらず、消火活動が続いた。アメリカの軍事衛星からも、赤く燃える原子炉中心部の様子が観察されたという。ソ連当局は応急措置として次の2点を実行した。
1.減速材として炉心内へ鉛の大量投入。
2.液体窒素を投入して周囲から冷却、炉心温度を低下させる。この策が功を奏したのか、一時制御不能に陥っていた炉心内の核燃料の活動も次第に落ち着き、5月6日までに大規模な放射性物質の漏出は終わったとの見解をソ連政府は発表している。爆発した4号炉をコンクリートで封じ込めるために、延べ80万人の労働者が動員された。4号炉を封じ込めるための構造物は石棺（せきかん / せっかん）と呼ばれている。
事故による高濃度の放射性物質で汚染されたチェルノブイリ周辺は居住が不可能になり、約16万人が移住を余儀なくされた。避難は4月27日から5月6日にかけて行われ、事故発生から1ヶ月後までに原発から30km以内に居住する約11万6000人全てが移住したとソ連によって発表されている。しかし、生まれた地を離れるのを望まなかった老人などの一部の住民は、移住せずに生活を続けた。放射性物質による汚染は、現場付近のウクライナだけでなく、隣のベラルーシ、ロシアにも拡大した。

死者数
ソ連政府の発表による死者数は、運転員・消防士合わせて33名だが、事故の処理にあたった予備兵・軍人、トンネルの掘削を行った炭鉱労働者に多数の死者が確認されている。長期的な観点から見た場合の死者数は数百人とも数十万人とも言われるが、事故の放射線被曝と癌や白血病との因果関係を直接的に証明する手段はなく、科学的根拠のある数字としては議論の余地がある[注釈 2]。事故後、この地で小児甲状腺癌などの放射線由来と考えられる病気が急増しているという調査結果もある。
1986年8月のウィーンでプレスとオブザーバーなしで行われたIAEA非公開会議で、ソ連側の事故処理責任者ヴァレリー・レガソフは、当時放射線医学の根拠とされていた唯一のサンプル調査であった広島原爆での結果から、4万人が癌で死亡するという推計を発表した。しかし、広島での原爆から試算した理論上の数字に過ぎないとして会議では4,000人と結論され、この数字がIAEAの公式見解となった。ミハイル・ゴルバチョフはレガソフにIAEAに全てを報告するように命じていたが、彼が会場で行った説明は非常に細部まで踏み込んでおり、会場の全員にショックを与えたと回想している。結果的に、西側諸国は当事国による原発事故の評価を受け入れなかった。2005年9月にウィーンのIAEA本部でチェルノブイリ・フォーラムの主催で開催された国際会議においても4,000人という数字が踏襲され公式発表された[4]。報告書はベラルーシやウクライナの専門家、ベラルーシ政府などからの抗議を受け、表現を変えた修正版を出すことになった[5]。
事故から20年後の2006年を迎え、癌死亡者数の見積もりは調査機関によっても変動し、世界保健機関 (WHO) はリクビダートルと呼ばれる事故処理の従事者と最汚染汚染地域および避難住民を対象にした4,000件に、その他の汚染地域住民を対象にした5,000件を加えた9,000件との推計を発表した[6]。これはウクライナ、ロシア、ベラルーシの3カ国のみによる値で[7]、WHOのM. Repacholiによれば、前回4000件としたのは低汚染地域を含めてまで推定するのは科学的ではないと判断したためとしており、事実上の閾値を設けていたことが分かった[8]。WHOの国際がん研究機関 (IARC) は、ヨーロッパ諸国全体（40ヶ国）の住民も含めて、1万6,000件との推計を示し[9][10]、米国科学アカデミー傘下の米国学術研究会議（National Research Council）による「電離放射線の生物学的影響」第7次報告書（BEIR-VII）[11]に基づき全体の致死リスク係数を10%／Svから5.1%／Svに引き下げられたが、対象範囲を広げたために死亡予測数の増加となった[12]。WHOは、1959年に、IAEAと世界保健総会決議(World Health Assembly：WHA)においてWHA_12-40という協定に署名しており、IAEAの合意なしには核の健康被害についての研究結果等を発表できないとする批判もあり、核戦争防止国際医師会議のドイツ支部がまとめた報告書には、WHOの独立性と信頼性に対する疑問が呈示されている[13]。
欧州緑の党による要請を受けて報告されたTORCH reportによると、事故による全世界の集団線量は約60万[人・Sv]、過剰癌死亡数を約3万から6万件と推定している[14]。環境団体グリーンピースは9万3,000件を推計し、さらに将来的には追加で14万件が加算されると予測している[15]。ロシア医科学アカデミーでは、21万2,000件という値を推計している[16]。2007年にはロシアのAlexey V. Yablokovらが英語に限らずロシア語などのスラブ系の諸言語の文献をまとめた総説の中で1986年から2004年の間で98万5000件を推計、2009年にはロシア語から英訳されてChernobyl: Consequences of the Catastrophe for People and the Environmentというタイトルで出版された[17]。ウクライナのチェルノブイリ連合(NGO)は、現在までの事故による死亡者数を約73万4,000件と見積もっている[18]。京都大学原子炉実験所の今中哲二によれば、チェルノブイリ事故の被曝の影響による全世界の癌死者数の見積りとして2万件から6万件が妥当なところとの見解を示しているが、たとえ直接の被曝を受けなくとも避難などに伴う心理面・物理面での間接的な健康被害への影響に対する責任が免責されるわけではないと指摘している[19]。
ウクライナ国立科学アカデミー（National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine）のIvan Godlevskyらの調査によると、チェルノブイリ事故前のウクライナにおけるLugyny地区の平均寿命は75歳であったが、事故後、65歳にまで減少しており、特に高齢者の死亡率が高まっていることが分かった[20]。これは放射線およびストレスのかかる状況が長期化したことが大きな要因と見られる[21]。1991年に独立した当時のウクライナの人口は約5200万人だったが、2010年には約4500万人にまで減少している[22]。

癌の症例
いくつかの研究により、ベラルーシ、ウクライナ、およびロシアの子供での甲状腺癌の発生が増えていることが判った[31][32][33]。
国際連合人道問題調整事務所の立ち上げた「The United Nations and Chernobyl」によると、ウクライナでは350万人以上が事故の影響を受けており、その内の150万人が子供であった[34]。癌の症例数は19.5倍に増加し、甲状腺癌で54倍、甲状腺腫は44倍、甲状腺機能低下症は5.7倍、結節は55倍となった[35]。
ベラルーシでは放射性降下物の70％が国土の四分の一に降り、50万人の子供を含む220万人が放射性降下物の影響を受けた[36]。ベラルーシ政府は15歳未満の子供の甲状腺癌の発生率が2001年には1990年の2000例から8,000-10,000例に急激に上昇したと推定している[37]。

ロシアでは270万人が事故の影響を受け、1985年から2000年に汚染地域のカルーガで行われた検診では癌の症例が著しく増加しており、それぞれ、乳癌が121％、肺癌が58％、食道癌が112％、子宮癌が88％、リンパ腺と造血組織で59％の増加を示した[38]。ベラルーシとウクライナの汚染地域でも乳癌の増加は報告されている[39]。

2011年、アメリカ国立衛生研究所の一機関であるアメリカ国立癌研究所による国際的な研究チームは、子供の被曝は、大人が被曝した場合に比べて甲状腺癌にかかるリスクが高く、さらに依然として甲状腺癌の発症リスクが減少傾向に転じていないことを報告した[40]。

白血病
アメリカ国立癌研究所の調査結果によると、慢性被曝による癌リスクは日本の原爆被爆者が受けた急性被曝によるリスクに匹敵し、放射能汚染は、白血病全体のリスク増加に加え、チェルノブイリ事故前には放射能被曝との関連性が知られていなかった慢性リンパ性白血病に影響を及ぼしていることが分かった[41]。
過去の被曝者の健康調査の結果、白血病は被曝から発病まで平均12年、固形癌については平均20 - 25年以上かかることが分かっている[42]。このことから、白血病および固形癌が通常に比べてどれだけ増加するのかは継続的な調査によって判明すると予想される。

事故後のチェルノブイリ

運転
チェルノブイリプラントのトラブルそのものは4号炉の惨劇で終わったわけではなかった。ウクライナ政府は、国内のエネルギー不足のため残った3つの原子炉を運転させ続けた。この時のウクライナ政府は財政難で新規の発電所の建設が困難であったため、チェルノブイリ原子力発電所をそのまま使わざるを得なかった。

1991年に2号炉で火災が発生し、政府当局は炉が修復不能なレベルまで損傷していると宣言して、電源系統から切り離した。1号炉は、ウクライナ政府とIAEAのような国際機関との間の取り引きの一部として、1996年11月に退役した。
2000年11月に当時のウクライナ大統領・レオニード・クチマ 本人が公式式典で3号炉のスイッチを切り、こうして全プラントが運転停止した。

4号炉は事故直後、大量の作業員を投入し、「石棺」と呼ばれるコンクリートの建造物に覆われた。建設は6月に開始され、11月に完成した。耐用年数は30年とされており、老朽化への対策としてが望まれている。

事故後、放射能汚染により人が立ち入ることができなかったことから、原発事故の直撃を受けた職員の遺体が搬出されなかった。事故直後に無防備のまま炉の中に入った数名の作業者の行方が未だ分からず、現在も石棺の中に数名の職員の遺体が残っているものと思われるが、彼らの遺体を搬出できるようになるまでには数世紀に亘る長い時間がかかると見られている。

石棺の中では放射性物質拡散防止のために特殊な薬剤が散布されているが、大半が外部に流出しているとみられている。
なお、『10日間で収束した』という曖昧な俗説が見受けられるが、実際は簡易的に線源放出量を下げる応急処置が功を奏するまでの期間に過ぎない。石棺の完成までは事故発生から7ヶ月を要している。時系列的には、4月27日にホウ酸、石灰、鉛、粘土、砂など5000トンを炉内へ散布し放射線源放出量が1/3、5月1日までには1/6に低下。翌2日、核燃料の崩壊熱と制御棒黒鉛棒の火災熱により温度上昇し線量が再び増加、翌3日にはこの高温化した炉内と水分との接触を回避するためにサプレッションプールから水抜き作業を開始（再度水蒸気爆発の回避）、翌4日には放出線量が事故当日の半分にまで増加、翌5日には液体窒素注入を開始し急激な線量低下を達成した、という流れである。 [45]

4号炉は事故直後、大量の作業員を投入し、「石棺」と呼ばれるコンクリートの建造物に覆われた。建設は6月に開始され、11月に完成した。耐用年数は30年とされており、老朽化への対策としてが望まれている。 事故後、放射能汚染により人が立ち入ることができなかったことから、原発事故の直撃を受けた職員の遺体が搬出されなかった。事故直後に無防備のまま炉の中に入った数名の作業者の行方が未だ分からず、現在も石棺の中に数名の職員の遺体が残っているものと思われるが、彼らの遺体を搬出できるようになるまでには数世紀に亘る長い時間がかかると見られている。

石棺の中では放射性物質拡散防止のために特殊な薬剤が散布されているが、大半が外部に流出しているとみられている。

なお、『10日間で収束した』という曖昧な俗説が見受けられるが、実際は簡易的に線源放出量を下げる応急処置が功を奏するまでの期間に過ぎない。石棺の完成までは事故発生から7ヶ月を要している。時系列的には、4月27日にホウ酸、石灰、鉛、粘土、砂など5000トンを炉内へ散布し放射線源放出量が1/3、5月1日までには1/6に低下。翌2日、核燃料の崩壊熱と制御棒黒鉛棒の火災熱により温度上昇し線量が再び増加、翌3日にはこの高温化した炉内と水分との接触を回避するためにサプレッションプールから水抜き作業を開始（再度水蒸気爆発の回避）、翌4日には放出線量が事故当日の半分にまで増加、翌5日には液体窒素注入を開始し急激な線量低下を達成した、という流れである。
[45]

将来の補修の必要性
石棺はこの場合効果的な封印手段ではなく、石棺の建設は応急処置である。大半は産業用ロボットを用いて遠隔操作で建設されたために老朽化が著しく、万が一崩壊した場合には放射性同位体の飛沫が飛散するリスクがある。より効果的な封印策について多くの計画が発案、議論されたが、これまでのところいずれも実行に移されていない。国内外から寄付された資金は建設契約の非効率的な分散や、杜撰な管理、または盗難に遭うなどして浪費される結果となった。
現在も年間4,000kl近い雨水が石棺の中に流れ込んでおり、原子炉内部を通って放射能を周辺の土壌へ拡散している。石棺の中の湿気
により石棺のコンクリートや鉄筋が腐食し続けている。
その上事故当時原子炉の中にあった燃料のおよそ95%が未だ石棺の中に留まっており、その全放射能はおよそ1,800万キュリー にのぼる。この放射性物質は、炉心の残骸や塵、および溶岩状の「燃料含有物質 (FCM) 」から成る。このFCMは破損した原子炉建屋を伝って流れ、セラミック状に凝固している。単純に見積もっても、少なくとも4tの放射性物質が石棺内に留まっている。

シェルター構築計画
シェルター構築計画 (SIP) は、現在4号炉を覆っている石棺の上に、新安全閉じ込め設備 (NSC) と呼ばれる、石棺を覆うようにして滑らせる可動式のアーチを建設し、それを使用して石棺内にあるとされる放射性物質や汚染された瓦礫などを排除し、4号炉の中にある放射能をゼロにするという計画である。放射能や水の汚染などの問題解決が期待されるが、建設に莫大な費用（推定コストは7億6800万ドル）や労力がかかるという問題がある。NSCの概念設計は、高い放射線場を避けるためシェルターから離れた場所で建設してから取り付ける方式をとる。NSCは史上最大級の可動式構造物になることが想定される。
チェルノブイリシェルター基金は1997年のデンバーG7サミットでシェルター構築計画に資金を提供するために設立された

シェルターは ベクテル 、バッテル記念研究所 （英語 ）、フランス電力公社によって管理される予定。

最終更新 2011年6月21日 (火) 11:22 （日時は個人設定で未設定ならばUTC）。

===========================================================

[以上引用終わり：The above quotation end.] 

=====================================================================
=====================================================================

=====================================================================
=====================================================================

http://ameblo.jp/misininiminisi/entry-11491531587.html

2013年3月11日、12日にアメリカのニューヨークで福島の原子力発電所事故に関するシンポジウムを行われました。

そのシンポジウムで流れたビデオテープです。

5分55秒ごろ

「1号機から3号機まで合わせれば、広島の原爆がまき散らした放射性物質。そのうちで私が一番危険だと思っているのはセシウム137と呼ぶ放射性物質が尺度にして測ると、広島原発がまき散らした

セシウム137の168発分をすでに大気中に放出してしまったと日本政府が国際的な原子力推進組織であるＩＡＥＡに対して報告しています。私自身はおそらくそれは過小評価でそれの2倍～3倍。つまり、広島原爆がまき散らしたセシウム137の400発あるいは500発分がすでに大気中にまき散らされたと思っています。

それと同時に水に溶けた放射性物質が地下に流れて行って海に流出するということも起きていて、おそらく大気中に放出された放射性物質とほとんど同量の物が海に流れていると思います。」

Hiroaki KOIDE  



2013/03/11 に公開

*If you like this video and our efforts, please kindly donate Cinema Forum Fukushima. You can securely pay your donation through the link below:
https://www.fracturedatlas.org/site/f...
*Donation By Bitcoins http://wp.me/P2g2dl-kT

"Fukushima Daiichi: A Chronological Account of the Disaster"
HD, 14 min 55 sec, in Japanese with English Subtitle

Hiroaki Koide, Master of Science in Nuclear Engineering, Assistant Professor at the Kyoto University Research Institute, Nuclear Waste Management & Safety Expert

Helen Caldicott Foundation
"Symposium"
The Medical and Ecological Consequences of the Fukushima Nuclear Accident
Co-Sponsored by Physicians for Social Responsibility
March 11th & 12th, 2013
New York City
http://www.nuclearfreeplanet.org/symp...

All other footages at the Symposium is here:
http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=...

No-Commercial videos are available at Vimeo.
https://vimeo.com/album/2366337

Videographed & Edited by Intertelemedia, Inc
Translated by Kazko Kawai, Voices for Lively Spring
Subtitled by East River Films Inc

=====================================================================

Arnie Gundersen: report shows 50 tons of rubble fell in Unit 3 pool 'highly damaged' (02/14/2014)



2014/02/13 に公開
As the eyes of the world have been focused on the Unit 4's removal of spent fuel,
TEPCO released a report entitled, TEPCO's Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant Roadmap, that contained some astounding information regarding Unit 3. Follow Fairewinds Energy's Arnie Gundersen as he shows you the 35-ton refueling bridge that fell in the Unit 3 spent fuel pool during the Unit 3 detonation explosion. Do the math. The bottom line here is that TEPCO has just acknowledged that at least 50-tons of rubble has fallen on top of and into the spent fuel pool in Unit 3. What does this 50-ton pile of debris mean to the Unit 3 spent fuel pool and its cleanup?

============================================================

チェルノブイリ原発事故の影響

http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8E%E3%83%96%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AA%E5%8E%9F%E7%99%BA%E4%BA%8B%E6%95%85%E3%81%AE%E5%BD%B1%E9%9F%BF

以下抜粋：

チェルノブイリ原発事故の影響（チェルノブイリげんぱつじこのえいきょう）では、1986年4月26日のチェルノブイリ原子力発電所事故による、放射線などによる疾病や影響、旧ソビエト連邦やソ連解体後のウクライナへの影響、世界中での原子力政策や大衆運動など様々な影響について述べる。
長期の低線量被曝の影響を把握するには包括的な研究が必要とされ[1]、予算上の制約などの懸念が指摘されてはいるが[2]、欧州委員会は健康被害の全体像を研究するためのプロジェクトとしてチェルノブイリ健康研究アジェンダ（ARCH: Agenda for Research on Chernobyl Health）を立ち上げ、長期的な研究計画の構築が進められている[3]。

長期被曝の影響に対する研究背景
チェルノブイリ原発事故では、膨大な数の人が放射性降下物による影響を受けており、甲状腺癌と白血病に対する組織的な研究は進められてきたが、他の癌についても研究対象を広げて、放射性降下物がもたらす長期にわたる放射線被曝による健康への影響を調べるために、組織的かつ大規模な研究が望まれている[4]。しかしながら、放射線防護の基礎データとなっている原爆の研究でも、放射性降下物による内部被曝の影響に対する研究は半世紀以上が過ぎながらあまり進められていなかった[5]。その要因の一つとして、原爆に伴う放射線の大部分がガンマ線と中性子によるもので、それらの初期放射線に比べて、放射性降下物等による残留放射線の影響は無視できるほど小さいと考えられ、これまであまり考慮されることはなかった[6]。
一方、チェルノブイリ原発事故によって放出された放射性降下物の量は、広島に投下された原爆によって放出された放射性降下物の量と比較しても桁違いに多く[7]、IAEAの試算では、およそ400倍と見積られている[8]。その中でも比較的に長寿命核種であるセシウム137の放出量は、国際科学会議によって設立された環境問題科学委員会（SCOPE：Scientific Committee On Problems of the Environment）によると、広島原爆に比べて、チェルノブイリ原発事故では890倍と報告されている[9]。

原爆および原発事故によって放出された放射性物質の放射能の比較[9]


　
放射性物質の放出量（1015Bq）
広島原爆
0.1
-
0.085
140
52
チェルノブイリ
89
48
7.4
4400
1300
最終更新 2014年8月29日

============================================================

放射能汚染

http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E8%83%BD%E6%B1%9A%E6%9F%93


以下抜粋：

原発事故によって放出された放射性核種

原爆および原発事故によって放出された放射性物質の放射能の比較

ヤマト姫の玉手箱

最終更新 2012年5月19日 (土) 17:29 （日時は個人設定 で未設定ならばUTC ）。
 
============================================================




Comparison of Fukushima and Chernobyl nuclear accidents

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Fukushima_and_Chernobyl_nuclear_accidents


Comparison of Chernobyl and other radioactivity releases

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Chernobyl_and_other_radioactivity_releases#cite_note-5




============================================================

============================================================

http://edition.cnn.com/2013/11/07/opinion/morris-ted-chernobyl/

TEDTalk Tuesdays

http://www.cnn.com/video/data/2.0/video/world/2013/11/07/spc-ted-holly-morris-chernobyl-babushkas.cnn.html




After Chernobyl, they refused to leave
By Holly Morris, Special to CNN

November 8, 2013 -- Updated 0148 GMT (0948 HKT)

Editor's note: Holly Morris is co-producer/director of the forthcoming documentary "The Babushkas of Chernobyl" Follow her on Twitter @Holly Morris. She spoke at TEDGlobal 2013 in June. TED is a nonprofit dedicated to "ideas worth spreading," which it makes available through talks posted on its website. For more on the future of nuclear power as a possible solution for global climate change, watch CNN Films' presentation of "Pandora's Promise," airing on CNN on Thursday, November 7, at 9 p.m. ET/PT

(CNN) -- On April 26, 1986, the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant's reactor No. 4 blew up after a cooling capability test, and the resulting nuclear fire lasted 10 days, spewing 400 times as much radiation as the bomb dropped on Hiroshima. To date, it's the world's worst nuclear accident. The 2011 Fukushima meltdown, of course, is still playing out -- but actually, so is Chernobyl.

Nearly 28 years after the disaster, Reactor No. 4 simmers under its "sarcophagus," a concrete and metal cover hastily built after the accident. It's now cracked, rusted and leaking radiation. A partial roof collapse last February sent reverberations of fear throughout the world. As well it should have. With 200 tons of lava-like radioactive material still below the reactor, and the "New Safe Confinement" aimed at containing and protecting it not scheduled for completion till 2015 (already 15 years overdue) this story of nuclear disaster is in its early chapters.

Today, Chernobyl's soil, water, and air are among the most highly contaminated on Earth. The reactor sits at the center of a 1,000-square-mile "Exclusion Zone," a quarantined no-man's land complete with border guards, passport control and radiation monitoring. Inside the Zone are hundreds of unmarked (and un-mapped) burial sites where machinery from the cleanup after the 1986 accident was dumped. These days, Ukraine's four other nuclear power plants also dispose of their spent fuel inside the Zone.

It's real, and it's scary.

TED.com: The deadly genius of drug cartels

http://www.cnn.com/video/data/2.0/video/living/2013/11/05/ted-holly-morris-chernobyl.ted.html



But amidst the complicated real-life calculations and compromises -- where science and politics meet to duke out the viability of nuclear energy -- the long, deep, human parable of Chernobyl is often lost. That story is partly embodied in an unlikely community of some 130 people, called "self-settlers" who, today, live inside the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone.

Almost all of them are women, the men having died off due to overuse of alcohol and cigarettes, if not the effects of elevated radiation. About 116,000 people were evacuated from the Zone at the time of the accident. Some 1,200 of them did not accept that fate. Of that group, the remaining women, now in their 70s and 80s, are the last survivors of a group that defied authorities -- and it would seem, common sense -- and illegally returned to their ancestral homes shortly after the accident.

I've been filming and interviewing this unlikely community since 2010.

The Zone's scattered ghost villages are silent and bucolic, eerie and contaminated. Many villages were bulldozed after the accident, others remain -- silent vestiges to the tragedy, and home to the ubiquitous wild boar. Still, other villages have 1 or 2 or 8 or 12 babushkas, or babas -- the Russian and Ukrainian words for "grandmother" -- living in them.

One self-settler, Hanna Zavorotnya, told me how she snuck through the bushes back to her village in the summer of 1986. "Shoot us and dig the grave," she told the soldiers who nabbed her and other family members, "otherwise we're staying." Then she handed me a chunk of warm salo --- raw fat -- from her just-slaughtered pig.

TED.com: What I discovered in New York City's trash

Why would they choose to live on deadly land? Are they unaware of the risks, or crazy enough to ignore them, or both? It's hard for us -- especially Westerners with deeper connections to our laptops than any piece of soil -- to understand. But these women see their lives in a decidedly different way.

When I asked Hanna about radiation, she replied: "Radiation doesn't scare me. Starvation does."

It's all about context.

They lived through Stalin's Holodomor -- the genocide-by famine of the 1930s that wiped out millions of Ukrainians -- and then the Nazis in the1940s. Some of the women were shipped to Germany as forced labor. When the Chernobyl accident happened a few decades into Soviet rule, they were simply unwilling to flee an enemy that was invisible.

So long as they were well beyond child bearing, self-settlers were allowed to stay "semi-illegally." Five happy years, the settlers logic went, is better than 15 condemned to a high-rise on the outskirts of Kyiv. The residents of the Chernobyl region are forest-dwelling steppe people of Ukraine's Polesia region and did not adapt well to urban environments. There is a simple defiance common among them: "They told us our legs would hurt, and they do," one 80-year-old woman told me. "So what."

TED.com: Why our universe might exist on a knife edge

What about their health? There are benefits of hardy living from the land -- but also complications from an environment laced with radioactive contaminants, such as cesium, strontium and americium. Health studies vary. The World Health Organization predicts more than 4,000 deaths will eventually be linked to Chernobyl.

Greenpeace and others put that projection into the tens of thousands. All agree thyroid cancers are sky high, and that Chernobyl evacuees have suffered the trauma of relocated peoples everywhere, including anxiety, depression,

Radioactive contamination from the accident has been death-dealing, to be sure, but relocation trauma is another, less-examined fallout of Chernobyl. Of the old people who relocated, one Chernobyl medical technician, whose job is to give annual radiation exposure tests to zone workers said: "Quite simply, they die of anguish."

Home is the entire cosmos of the rural babushka, and connection to the land is palpable. They told me: "If you leave you die," "Those who left are worse off now. They are all dying of sadness," "Motherland is Motherland. I will never leave."

TED.com: Architecture at home in its community

Curiously, what sounds like faith may actually be fact. There aren't studies to refer to (after all, semi-legal marginalized old women living on radioactive land are hardly a civic or research priority) but surprisingly these women who returned home have, according to local officials and journalists who have kept track of them, seem to have outlived their counterparts who accepted relocation -- by some estimates, up to 10 years.

How could this be? Certainly, their exposure at an older age put them at smaller risk. (Young animals -- and I'm including humans here -- are more severely affected by radiation.) But let's consider a less tangible though equally powerful idea. Does happiness affect longevity? Is the power of motherland, so fundamental to that part of the world, palliative? Are home and community forces that can rival even radiation? I believe so. And unfailingly, so do the babushkas of the Zone.

Radiation or not, these women are at the end of their lives. But their existence and spirit will leave us wondering about the relative nature of risk, about transformative connections to home, and about the magnificent tonic of personal agency and self-determination. They are unexpected lessons from a nuclear tragedy.

Follow us on Twitter @CNNOpinion.

Join us on Facebook/CNNOpinion.

The opinions expressed in this commentary are solely those of Holly Morris.

============================================================

http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/director-general-yukiya-amano-addresses-57th-iaea-general-conference

IAEA Chief Stresses Agency's Unique Contribution To Promoting Development Goals     
By Rodolfo Quevenco IAEA Division of Public Information

Director General Yukiya Amano Addresses 57th IAEA General Conference
IAEA Chief Stresses Agency's Unique Contribution To Promoting Development Goals
By Rodolfo Quevenco IAEA Division of Public Information


IAEA Director General Yukiya Amano addresses the General Conference. (Photo: K. Nikolic/IAEA)

In his address to the delegates of the 57th IAEA General Conference, Director General Yukiya Amano summarized the IAEA's activities in nuclear power, nuclear safety and security, nuclear applications, technical cooperation and non-proliferation. He stressed that the IAEA works to make nuclear technology available, and which constitutes a unique and lasting contribution to achieving the Millennium Development Goals.

Some 60 years after U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower gave his historic Atoms for Peace speech to the United Nations General Assembly in New York, the IAEA continues to work hard to bring the benefits of peaceful nuclear technology to all parts of the globe and to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons.

"The world has changed enormously in the past 60 years," Director General Amano said. "But the Atoms for Peace mission has lost none of its relevance. The Agency has successfully adapted to changing times and the evolving needs of Member States."
"When I took office nearly four years ago, I pledged to pursue the multiple objectives of the IAEA in a balanced manner. My goal has been to ensure that the IAEA is an effective, well managed technical organization, with high ethical standards, that delivers concrete results and makes a real difference to our Member States. It is touching to meet ordinary people - such as farmers, fishermen or cancer patients - whose lives have improved because of the work of the IAEA. This is something we can all take pride in."
Following are key points from the Director General's statement:

Technical Cooperation
"The IAEA gives high priority to assisting developing countries, through its Technical Cooperation programme, in using nuclear technology in areas such as cancer control, food and agriculture, and water management. These issues have been highlighted in the annual Scientific Forums," Director General Yukiya Amano said.
Through the Technical Cooperation programme, the Agency provides support to 125 countries or territories in developing their capacity to use nuclear technology to address development needs. Additionally, the IAEA has been working more closely with other UN specialized agencies, such as the World Health Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization, in order to achieve more effective implementation. The IAEA pays particular attention to training skilled personnel in the use of nuclear technology, and makes increasing use of cost effective e-learning tools.
"Thanks to the Peaceful Uses Initiative, launched in 2010, we are seeing an increase in the resources available for technical cooperation projects," Mr. Amano said. However, the need for assistance is great, and the Director General asked all Member States to pay their contributions to the IAEA Technical Cooperation Fund in full and on time.

Nuclear Applications
"The eight nuclear applications laboratories in Seibersdorf, near Vienna, play an essential role in the IAEA's work," according to the Director General. But they have become "old and rather dilapidated, so we are now planning to modernize them." These plans were supported by the General Conference in 2012 and a detailed strategic plan will be presented for review by Member States early next year.
"We hope to complete the project in 2017 and will be grateful for financial assistance from Member States," Mr. Amano said.

Nuclear Energy
In nuclear power, the IAEA has stepped up assistance to so-called newcomers. In June 2013, an important IAEA Ministerial Conference on Nuclear Power in the 21st Century took place in St Petersburg. The Director General noted that one of the key messages was that, for many countries, nuclear power will play an important role in achieving energy security and sustainable development goals.
Nuclear power is the best known peaceful application of nuclear energy. The Director General said that the IAEA's latest projections show continued growth in global use of nuclear power in the next 20 years, especially in Asia.
The Director General assured delegates that the IAEA will continue to accompany users of nuclear power, both new and experienced, at every stage of their journey. "The IAEA has a unique role in assisting governments, operators and regulators in understanding their international obligations and national responsibilities, as well as in adopting international standards and best practices," said the Director General.
He noted that "the promise of ever safer new technologies, especially small and medium-sized reactors, may expand the possibilities for the use of nuclear power. The Agency will facilitate the exchange of experience and information in these areas, as well as in areas such as waste disposal."

Nuclear Safety
The Director General termed the Fukushima Daiichi accident in March 2011 as a "global wake-up call on nuclear safety" and he noted the unprecedented efforts to strengthen nuclear safety everywhere following the accident. The 2011 General Conference agreed on an ambitious Action Plan on Nuclear Safety, which is now being implemented. The Director General noted that the Member States have explicitly recognized the central role of the IAEA in promoting international cooperation in nuclear safety. A comprehensive IAEA report on the Fukushima Daiichi accident will be finalized in 2014.
"A strong safety record will be essential for the future of nuclear power," the Director General emphasized. At the Fukushima Ministerial Conference on Nuclear Safety in December 2012, the Conference Co-Presidents stressed that "strengthening nuclear safety is a continuous process and that there should be no complacency in safety matters." The Director General said that message has been well understood.
The Director General also said that the recent leak of contaminated water at Fukushima Daiichi is a matter of high priority that needs to be addressed urgently. He stated that the IAEA remains ready to assist Japan and will send a second international peer review mission this autumn to offer further advice. He highlighted the long term goal of all must be "to ensure that an ever more robust nuclear safety culture puts down deep roots throughout the world."

Nuclear Security
Steady progress has been made in strengthening the Agency's activities in nuclear security, in response to the wishes of Member States, Mr. Amano said. In July, the IAEA hosted an International Conference on Nuclear Security in Vienna which was the first such conference at ministerial level, open to all IAEA Member States. Ministers reaffirmed the IAEA's central role in strengthening the global nuclear security framework.
Looking to the future, the Director General said that the IAEA will build on the success of the International Conference on Nuclear Security with the aim of ensuring that all Member States share a common understanding of the threat of nuclear terrorism and the measures needed to address it. He expressed the hope that all IAEA Member States will routinely make full use of Agency services in nuclear security and treat security as a key aspect of their everyday work, alongside nuclear safety and nuclear safeguards.
The Director General drew attention to an important item of unfinished business in nuclear security: the ratification of the Amendment to the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (CPPNM). "Eight years after its adoption, the Amendment has still not entered into force," he said and called upon all States to adhere to the Amendment so that it will enter into force in the near future.

Nuclear Verification
In nuclear verification, the Director General reiterated the principle upheld by the IAEA "that all countries must fully implement their safeguards obligations, as well as other relevant obligations."
"We have lobbied continuously for more countries to adopt the additional protocol. The number of additional protocols in force has grown steadily and now totals 121,"  Director General Amano said and he expressed the hope that adherence to the additional protocol will become universal.
The Director General called upon "the few non-nuclear-weapon States parties to the NPT which have not concluded comprehensive safeguards agreements to do so without delay," as well as calling upon "States with small quantities protocols that have not yet done so to amend or rescind those protocols."
Noting that a new Clean Laboratory in Seibersdorf was built on schedule and under budget, the Director General reported that the new Nuclear Material Laboratory building has also been completed and the lab should be operational within 18 months, giving the Agency a modern capability for analysis of nuclear samples.
 
Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK)
"We have been unable to carry out verification activities in the DPRK since 2009, so our knowledge of the country's nuclear programme is limited," the Director General said. "Nevertheless, the Agency will maintain its readiness to play an essential role in verifying the DPRK's nuclear programme. I call upon the DPRK to comply fully with its obligations under relevant Security Council resolutions, to cooperate promptly with the Agency in implementing its Safeguards Agreement and to resolve all outstanding issues."

Islamic Republic of Iran
"I report regularly to the Board on safeguards implementation in the Islamic Republic of Iran," the Director General pointed out. "The Agency continues to verify the non-diversion of nuclear material declared by Iran under its Safeguards Agreement. However, Iran is not providing the necessary cooperation to enable us to provide credible assurance about the absence of undeclared nuclear material and activities. The Agency therefore cannot conclude that all nuclear material in Iran is in peaceful activities. I urge Iran to fully implement its Safeguards Agreement and its other obligations and to engage with the Agency to resolve all outstanding issues."
"Looking ahead, the Agency will maintain an impartial and credible nuclear verification regime as a key contribution to international peace and security," Director General Amano said.

============================================================

http://www.iaea.org/safeguards/symposium/2014/images/pdfs/Yukiya_Amano_is_Director_General.pdf

Yukiya Amano is Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency.
The IAEA, an intergovernmental organization based in Vienna, is the global
centre for cooperation in nuclear applications, energy, science and technology.
Established in 1957, the Agency works with its Member States and partners to
promote safe, secure and peaceful nuclear technologies and prevent the
proliferation of nuclear weapons.

Mr. Amano served as Chair of the Agency’s Board of Governors from
September 2005 to September 2006. He was Japan’s Resident Representative to
the Agency from 2005 until his election as Director General in July 2009. He
assumed his duties as IAEA Director General on 1 December 2009. He has
extensive experience in disarmament and non-proliferation diplomacy, as well
as nuclear energy issues.

At the Japanese Foreign Ministry, Mr. Amano was Director-General for the
Disarmament, Non-Proliferation and Science Department from 2002 until 2005.
He previously served as a governmental expert on the U.N. Panel on Missiles
and on the U.N. Expert Group on Disarmament and Non-Proliferation
Education. Mr. Amano contributed to the 1995, 2000 and 2005 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty Review Conferences, and he chaired the 2007 Preparatory Committee for the 2010 Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty Review Conference.
A graduate of the Tokyo University Faculty of Law, Mr. Amano joined the
Japanese Foreign Ministry in April 1972, when he began a series of international
postings in Belgium, France, Laos, Switzerland, and the United States.
Mr. Amano was born in 1947, is married and speaks English, French and
Japanese.

Career Summary
August 2005–August 2009: Permanent Representative and Ambassador
Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Japan to the International Organizations in
Vienna and Governor of the IAEA
April 2007: Chairman of the First Session of the Preparatory Committee for the
2010 NPT Review Conference
September 2005–September 2006: Chairman of the Board of Governors of the
IAEA
August 2002: Ambassador, Director-General for Disarmament, Non-
Proliferation and Science Department, Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs
August 2001: Visiting Scholar, Monterey Institute of International Studies, USA
July 2001: Governmental Expert on Disarmament and Non-Proliferation
Education to the UN Group
April 2001: Governmental Expert on Missiles to UN Panel
February 2001: Fellow, Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, Harvard
University, USA
January 2000: Chairman of the G7 Nuclear Safety Group
August 1999: Deputy Director-General for Arms Control and Scientific Affairs,
Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs
June 1997: Consul General of Japan in Marseilles, France
August 1994: Counselor, Delegation of Japan to the Conference on
Disarmament, Geneva, Switzerland
August 1993: Director, Nuclear Energy Division, Japanese Ministry of Foreign
Affairs
February 1993: Director, Nuclear Science Division, Japanese Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
February 1990: Director, OECD Publications and Information Center, Tokyo,
Japan
October 1988: Director for Research Coordination and Senior Research Fellow,
Japan Institute of International Affairs, Tokyo, Japan
April 1972: Joined Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Education and Academic Experience
2001-2002: Visiting Scholar, Monterey Institute of International Studies, USA
2001: Fellow, Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, Harvard University,
USA
2000-2001: Lecturer, International Politics, Sophia University, Japan
1991-1992: Lecturer, International Politics, Yamanashi University, Japan
1988-1990: Director for Research Coordination and Senior Research Fellow,
Japan Institute of International Affairs, Japan
1974-1975: Studies at University of Nice, France
1973-1974: Studies at University of Besancon, France
1972: Graduated from Faculty of Law, University of Tokyo, Japan
Publications
» A Japanese View on Nuclear Disarmament (The Non-Proliferation Review,
2002)
» The Significance of the NPT Extension (Future Restraints on Arms
Proliferation, 1996)
» La Non Proliferation Nucleaire en Exteme-Orient (Proliferation et Non-
Proliferation Nucleaire, 1995)
» Sea Dumping of Liquid Radio Active Waste by Russia ( Gaiko Jiho, 1994)

============================================================

 http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/focus/fukushima/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+IaeaTopNews+%28IAEA+Top+News%29

Fukushima Nuclear Accident


Resources, news updates and other relevant information on the Fukushima nuclear accident in Japan.

Videos
 ============================================================

IAEA Director General Briefed on Disaster Response and Nuclear Safety



2011/03/14 にアップロード
At the IAEA's Incident and Emergency Centre (IEC) and at its International Seismological Safety Centre (ISSC), IAEA Director General Yukiya Amano received a briefing at 0930 CET 14 March 2011.
The IAEA emergency management experts detailed the status of emergency communications with Japanese authorities, as well as with emergency management counterparts in other IAEA Member States and among international organizations. Director General Amano was briefed as well on nuclear safety, seismological activity, and the on-going disaster recovery efforts in Japan.

============================================================

IAEA Chief Yukiya Amano visits Fukushima Daichi  



2011/07/25 にアップロード
At the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant, operated by the Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO), IAEA Director General Yukiya Amano received on 25 July 2011 an extensive briefing and visited key locations at the nuclear accident site. TEPCO officials and personnel that were directly engaged in the response to the nuclear accident gave Director General Amano eyewitness accounts of the accident. TEPCO experts detailed the company's efforts to implement its "Road Map" to contain and stabilize the situation in the accident's aftermath.

============================================================

'Iran conducts nuclear activities in quite steady manner' - IAEA chief



2013/05/21 に公開

After last week's failure for the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and Iran to agree a deal on Tehran's nuclear program, the UN watchdog told RT that it must gain access to Iran's nuclear facilities - READ MORE http://on.rt.com/ontkz2

RT LIVE http://rt.com/on-air

Subscribe to RT! http://www.youtube.com/subscription_c...

Like us on Facebook http://www.facebook.com/RTnews
Follow us on Twitter http://twitter.com/RT_com
Follow us on Google+ http://plus.google.com/+RT

RT (Russia Today) is a global news network broadcasting from Moscow and Washington studios. RT is the first news channel to break the 500 million YouTube views benchmark.

============================================================

Seawater Sampling in Fukushima: IAEA and Japanese Experts Conduct Joint Mission  



2014/11/16 に公開

The accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in Japan in March 2011 led to the release of radioactive elements into nearby coastal waters. The Japanese Government has been continually monitoring radioactivity in seawater and publishing the results. In an effort to verify the accuracy of these results, the Japanese authorities requested the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to undertake joint sampling missions with scientists from Japan. The IAEA team was led by the Director of the IAEA Environment Laboratories, David Osborn.

============================================================

IAEA事務局長・天野之弥氏「使用済み燃料と今後の原発」を語る（2013.10.7／福井市）



2013/10/08 に公開

IAEAと福井県との覚書締結記念～原子力国際情勢特別講演会～
「ＩＡＥＡ事務局長　天野之弥氏　特別講演」
2013年10月7日／福井商工会議所ビル

============================================================

天野之弥　国際原子力機関(IAEA)事務局長　2011.3.18  



2011/03/18 にアップロード

＊同時通訳です。左チャンネルから日本語、右チャンネルから英語が流れます。
English : Choose a right channel

Yukiya AMANO, Director General, IAEA

東日本大震災による福島原発事故の対策について協議するため来日した天野之弥IAEA­事務局長が記者会見し、「福島原発は深刻な事故であり、日本政府は国際社会と連携して­対応し、情報提供に取り組むことが必要だ」と述べた。

≪「福島原発がこれからどうなるかの予測は難しい。さらに重大化するだろうとか、おさ­まるだろうとかはいえない」≫
天野氏は18日来日し、菅直人首相らと会談した。IAEAの計測チーム４人も一緒に来­日し、同日深夜から都内で放射線計測を始め、福島原発にも向かいたいという。事故がな­ぜ起こったか、事故後の対応にエラーがあったのかという質問に対し、「調査と評価は今­後注意深く行われ、教訓を共有することになる。現在は何よりも原発の安全を回復するこ­とが優先される」と述べた。
チェルノブイリ事故との共通点を聞かれ「チェルノブイリとはかなり違う。福島は人為的­な事故ではなく地震と津波による事故であり、原子炉の構造も違う。チェルノブイリは（­燃料棒の）連鎖反応が起こっていて一瞬の大事故で黒鉛が激しく燃えた。福島は地震後、­シャットダウンに成功したが、電源の停止や火災、水素爆発、容器破損、コア損傷の可能­性とゆっくりと事故が進んでいる。したがって、チェルノブイリのような事故だ、という­のは違う。だからといって、軽度というのではなく深刻な事故と受け止め対応しなければ­ならない」と述べ、両者は違うとの考えを明らかにした。
原子力発電の将来について、「今回の事故が各国の政策決定にインパクトを与える」との­認識を示したうえで、「人類は安全なエネルギー源と気候変動に対処できるエネルギー源­を必要としており、原子力は選択肢のひとつだ。原子力の比率が今後、高まるか低くなる­かは、価格、社会が受け入れるか、技術といった要素と並んで安全性も要素となって決ま­るだろう」と説明した。

司会　日本記者クラブ企画委員　瀬川至朗
同時通訳　長井　鞠子、大野　理恵（サイマルインターナショナル）

============================================================

Chernobyl: Thyroid Patients & Doctors in Kiev

http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/multimedia/videos/chernobyl-thyroid-patients-doctors-kiev



Chernobyl: Thyroid Patients & Doctors in Kiev from IAEA on Vimeo.
18 April 2006
Video Editors: Petr Pavlicek/Vladim Mouchkin

============================================================
============================================================

http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8E%E3%83%96%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AA%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E7%99%BA%E9%9B%BB%E6%89%80%E4%BA%8B%E6%95%85

以下抜粋：

チェルノブイリ原子力発電所事故

チェルノブイリ原子力発電所事故（チェルノブイリげんしりょくはつでんしょじこ）とは、1986年4月26日1時23分（モスクワ時間 ※UTC+3）にソビエト連邦（現：ウクライナ）のチェルノブイリ原子力発電所4号炉で起きた原子力事故。後に決められた国際原子力事象評価尺度 (INES) において最悪のレベル7（深刻な事故）に分類される事故である。

概要
当時、チェルノブイリ原子力発電所にはソ連が独自に設計開発した黒鉛減速沸騰軽水圧力管型原子炉(RBMK)のRBMK-1000型を使用した4つの原子炉が稼働しており、そのうち4号炉が炉心溶融（世間一般でいう｢メルトダウン｣）ののち爆発し、放射性降下物がウクライナ・白ロシア（ベラルーシ）・ロシアなどを汚染した、史上最悪の原子力事故とされていた。

1991年のソ連崩壊以後は原子力発電所が領土内に立地しているウクライナに処理義務がある。2013年現在もなお、原発から半径30km以内の地域での居住が禁止されるとともに、原発から北東へ向かって約350kmの範囲内にはホットスポットと呼ばれる局地的な高濃度汚染地域が約100箇所にわたって点在し、ホットスポット内においては農業や畜産業などが全面的に禁止されており、また、その周辺でも制限されている地域がある。

事故当時、爆発した4号炉は操業休止中であり、外部電源喪失を想定した非常用発電系統の実験[1][要高次出典]を行っていた。この実験中に制御不能に陥り、炉心が融解、爆発したとされる。爆発により、原子炉内の放射性物質[注釈 1]が大気中に量にして推定10t前後、14エクサベクレルに及ぶ放射性物質が放出された[2] 。これに関しては、広島市に投下された原子爆弾（リトルボーイ）による放出量の約400倍とする国際原子力機関 (IAEA) による記録が残されている[3]（影響　も参照）。

当初、ソ連政府はパニックや機密漏洩を恐れこの事故を内外に公表せず、施設周辺住民の避難措置も取られなかったため、彼らは数日間、事実を知らぬまま通常の生活を送り、高線量の放射性物質を浴び被曝した[4][要高次出典][5]。しかし、翌4月27日にスウェーデンのフォルスマルク原子力発電所にてこの事故が原因の特定核種、高線量の放射性物質が検出され、近隣国からも同様の報告があったためスウェーデン当局が調査を開始、この調査結果について事実確認を受けたソ連は4月28日にその内容を認め、事故が世界中に発覚[6]。当初、フォルスマルク原発の技術者は、自原発所内からの漏洩も疑い、あるいは「核戦争」が起こったのではないかと考えた時期もあったという[7]。
日本においても、5月3日に雨水中から放射性物質が確認された[8]。なお、報道やインターネット上などで一時期目立った「福島原発事故の線量はチェルノブイリの△倍」という表現は、この日本国内計測の線量を比較対象にしたものであり、チェルノブイリ現地線量との比較ではない[要検証 – ノート]。
爆発後も火災は止まらず、消火活動が続いた。アメリカの軍事衛星からも、赤く燃える原子炉中心部の様子が観察されたという。ソ連当局は応急措置として次の作業を実行した。
  1. 火災の鎮火と、放射線の遮断のためにホウ素を混入させた砂5000tを直上からヘリコプターで4号炉に投下。
  2. 水蒸気爆発(2次爆発)を防ぐ[9]ため下部水槽（圧力抑制プール）の排水（後日、一部の溶融燃料の水槽到達を確認したが水蒸気爆発という規模の現象は起きなかった[10]）。
  3. 減速材として炉心内へ鉛の大量投入。
  4. 液体窒素を投入して周囲から冷却、炉心温度を低下させる。
この策が功を奏したのか、一時制御不能に陥っていた炉心内の核燃料の活動も次第に落ち着き、5月6日までに大規模な放射性物質の漏出は終わったとの見解をソ連政府は発表している。
砂の投下作業に使用されたヘリコプターと乗員には特別な防護措置は施されず、砂は乗員が砂袋をキャビンから直接手で投下した。作業員は大量の放射線を直接浴びたものと思われるが不明。
下部水槽（サプレッション・プール）の排水は、放射性物質を多く含んだ水中へ原発職員3名が潜水し、手動でバルブを開栓する作業だが不動により失敗（作業員は大量に被曝したがその後の消息は不明とされる）。これを受け消防隊12名がプール排水のためポンプとホースの設置作業を行いこちらはおおむね成功した[11][12][要高次出典]。
爆発した4号炉をコンクリートで封じ込めるために、延べ80万人の労働者が動員された。4号炉を封じ込めるための構造物は石棺（せきかん / せっかん）と呼ばれている。
事故による高濃度の放射性物質で汚染されたチェルノブイリ周辺は居住が不可能になり、約16万人が移住を余儀なくされた。避難は4月27日から5月6日にかけて行われ、事故発生から1か月後までに原発から30km以内に居住する約11万6000人全てが移住したとソ連によって発表されている。しかし、生まれた地を離れるのを望まなかった老人などの一部の住民は、移住せずに生活を続けた。
放射性物質による汚染は、現場付近のウクライナだけでなく、隣のベラルーシ、ロシアにも拡大した。

出典
3.^ a b 12. How does Chernobyl’s effect measure up to the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki?

最終更新 2014年12月8日 (月) 05:27

============================================================

投稿者 時刻:

0 件のコメント:

コメントを投稿

登録: コメントの投稿 (Atom)