: google検索
https://www.google.co.jp/webhp?sourceid=navclient&hl=ja&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1T4GGHP_jaJP443JP443#hl=ja&psj=1&q=fukushima+radiation+higher+than+chernobyl&start=0
======================================================================
http://www.nuc.berkeley.edu/forum/218/nuclear-expert-fukushima-spent-fuel-has-85-times-more-cesium-released-chernobyl-%E2%80%94-%E2%80%9Cit-woul
Nuclear Expert: Fukushima spent fuel has 85 times more cesium than released at Chernobyl — “It would destroy the world environment and our civilization… an issue of human survival” -Former UN adviser
Forum Disclaimer
Submitted by Anonymous on Sat, 2012-04-07 09:39
[...] I asked top spent-fuel pools expert Mr. Robert Alvarez, former Senior Policy Adviser to the Secretary and Deputy Assistant Secretary for National Security and the Environment at the U.S. Department of Energy, for an explanation of the potential impact of the 11,421 rods.
I received an astounding response from Mr. Alvarez [updated 4/5/12]:
In recent times, more information about the spent fuel situation at the Fukushima-Dai-Ichi site has become known. It is my understanding that of the 1,532 spent fuel assemblies in reactor No. 304 assemblies are fresh and unirradiated. This then leaves 1,231 irradiated spent fuel rods in pool No. 4, which contain roughly 37 million curies (~1.4E+18 Becquerel) of long-lived radioactivity. The No. 4 pool is about 100 feet above ground, is structurally damaged and is exposed to the open elements. If an earthquake or other event were to cause this pool to drain this could result in a catastrophic radiological fire involving nearly 10 times the amount of Cs-137 released by the Chernobyl accident.
The infrastructure to safely remove this material was destroyed as it was at the other three reactors. Spent reactor fuel cannot be simply lifted into the air by a crane as if it were routine cargo. In order to prevent severe radiation exposures, fires and possible explosions, it must be transferred at all times in water and heavily shielded structures into dry casks.. As this has never been done before, the removal of the spent fuel from the pools at the damaged Fukushima-Dai-Ichi reactors will require a major and time-consuming re-construction effort and will be charting in unknown waters. Despite the enormous destruction cased at the Da–Ichi site, dry casks holding a smaller amount of spent fuel appear to be unscathed.
Based on U.S. Energy Department data, assuming a total of 11,138 spent fuel assemblies are being stored at the Dai-Ichi site, nearly all, which is in pools. They contain roughly 336 million curies (~1.2 E+19 Bq) of long-lived radioactivity. About 134 million curies is Cesium-137 — roughly 85 times the amount of Cs-137 released at the Chernobyl accident as estimated by the U.S. National Council on Radiation Protection (NCRP). The total spent reactor fuel inventory at the Fukushima-Daichi site contains nearly half of the total amount of Cs-137 estimated by the NCRP to have been released by all atmospheric nuclear weapons testing, Chernobyl, and world-wide reprocessing plants (~270 million curies or ~9.9 E+18 Becquerel).
It is important for the public to understand that reactors that have been operating for decades, such as those at the Fukushima-Dai-Ichi site have generated some of the largest concentrations of radioactivity on the planet.
Many of our readers might find it difficult to appreciate the actual meaning of the figure, yet we can grasp what 85 times more Cesium-137 than the Chernobyl would mean. It would destroy the world environment and our civilization. This is not rocket science, nor does it connect to the pugilistic debate over nuclear power plants. This is an issue of human survival. [...]
===================================================================
Nuclear Expert: Fukushima spent fuel has 85 times more cesium than released at Chernobyl — “It would destroy the world environment and our civilization… an issue of human survival” -Former UN adviser
Published: April 6th, 2012 at 4:34 pm ET
By ENENews
By ENENews
Title: Fukushima Daiichi Site: Cesium-137 is 85 times greater than at Chernobyl Accident
Source: Akio Matsumura
Date: updated on 4/5/12
Source: Akio Matsumura
Date: updated on 4/5/12
[...] I asked top spent-fuel pools expert Mr. Robert Alvarez, former Senior Policy Adviser to the Secretary and Deputy Assistant Secretary for National Security and the Environment at the U.S. Department of Energy, for an explanation of the potential impact of the 11,421 rods.
I received an astounding response from Mr. Alvarez [updated 4/5/12]:
In recent times, more information about the spent fuel situation at the Fukushima-Dai-Ichi site has become known. It is my understanding that of the 1,532 spent fuel assemblies in reactor No. 304 assemblies are fresh and unirradiated. This then leaves 1,231 irradiated spent fuel rods in pool No. 4, which contain roughly 37 million curies (~1.4E+18 Becquerel) of long-lived radioactivity. The No. 4 pool is about 100 feet above ground, is structurally damaged and is exposed to the open elements. If an earthquake or other event were to cause this pool to drain this could result in a catastrophic radiological fire involving nearly 10 times the amount of Cs-137 released by the Chernobyl accident.
The infrastructure to safely remove this material was destroyed as it was at the other three reactors. Spent reactor fuel cannot be simply lifted into the air by a crane as if it were routine cargo. In order to prevent severe radiation exposures, fires and possible explosions, it must be transferred at all times in water and heavily shielded structures into dry casks.. As this has never been done before, the removal of the spent fuel from the pools at the damaged Fukushima-Dai-Ichi reactors will require a major and time-consuming re-construction effort and will be charting in unknown waters. Despite the enormous destruction cased at the Da–Ichi site, dry casks holding a smaller amount of spent fuel appear to be unscathed.
Based on U.S. Energy Department data, assuming a total of 11,138 spent fuel assemblies are being stored at the Dai-Ichi site, nearly all, which is in pools. They contain roughly 336 million curies (~1.2 E+19 Bq) of long-lived radioactivity. About 134 million curies is Cesium-137 — roughly 85 times the amount of Cs-137 released at the Chernobyl accident as estimated by the U.S. National Council on Radiation Protection (NCRP). The total spent reactor fuel inventory at the Fukushima-Daichi site contains nearly half of the total amount of Cs-137 estimated by the NCRP to have been released by all atmospheric nuclear weapons testing, Chernobyl, and world-wide reprocessing plants (~270 million curies or ~9.9 E+18 Becquerel).
It is important for the public to understand that reactors that have been operating for decades, such as those at the Fukushima-Dai-Ichi site have generated some of the largest concentrations of radioactivity on the planet.
Many of our readers might find it difficult to appreciate the actual meaning of the figure, yet we can grasp what 85 times more Cesium-137 than the Chernobyl would mean. It would destroy the world environment and our civilization. This is not rocket science, nor does it connect to the pugilistic debate over nuclear power plants. This is an issue of human survival. [...]
Related Posts
“Would be like Chernobyl on steroids” if spent fuel catches fire says nuclear engineer who works at identical plant — Each reactor holds 3,450 spent fuel assemblies March 15, 2011IEEE: Fukushima unprecedented in scope — Situation appeared utterly beyond human control — “Raging fire in a spent-fuel pond”… Yet claims only partial meltdowns? January 2, 2012
Nuclear Engineer: Far more radioactivity inside spent fuel ponds than in reactors — Could very well produce damage greater than Chernobyl March 15, 2011
Reports of nuclear fuel rod pieces being ejected from Fukushima reactors and/or spent fuel pools February 25, 2012
AP: ‘Reconstructed’ gov’t minutes reveal “worse than Chernobyl” fears — Fukushima Daini’s 4 spent fuel pools mentioned March 9, 2012
2013 ENENews llc - All Rights Reserved
===================================================================
http://akiomatsumura.com/2012/04/682.html
Fukushima Daiichi Site: Cesium-137 is 85 times greater than at Chernobyl Accident
Ambassador Mitsuhei Murata
[*Ed: This page was updated on 4/5/12 to reflect corrected calculations]
By Akio Matsumura
This article is available in Japanese and German and Russian.
Japan’s former Ambassador to Switzerland, Mr. Mitsuhei Murata, was invited to speak at the Public Hearing of the Budgetary Committee of the House of Councilors on March 22, 2012, on the Fukushima nuclear power plants accident. Before the Committee, Ambassador Murata strongly stated that if the crippled building of reactor unit 4—with 1,535 fuel assemblies in the spent fuel pool 100 feet (30 meters) above the ground—collapses, not only will it cause a shutdown of all six reactors but will also affect the common spent fuel pool containing 6,375 fuel assemblies, located some 50 meters from reactor 4. In both cases the radioactive assemblies are not protected by a containment vessel; dangerously, they are open to the air. This would certainly cause a global catastrophe like we have never before experienced. He stressed that the responsibility of Japan to the rest of the world is immeasurable. Such a catastrophe would affect us all for centuries. Ambassador Murata informed us that the total numbers of the spent fuel assemblies at the Fukushima Daiichi site excluding the assemblies in the pressure vessel is 11,421 (396+615+566+1,535+994+940+6375).
I asked top spent-fuel pools expert Mr. Robert Alvarez, former Senior Policy Adviser to the Secretary and Deputy Assistant Secretary for National Security and the Environment at the U.S. Department of Energy, for an explanation of the potential impact of the 11,421 assemblies.
I received an astounding response from Mr. Alvarez [updated 4/5/12]:
In recent times, more information about the spent fuel situation at the Fukushima-Dai-Ichi site has become known. It is my understanding that of the 1,532 spent fuel assemblies in reactor No. 304 assemblies are fresh and unirradiated. This then leaves 1,231 irradiated spent fuel rods in pool No. 4, which contain roughly 37 million curies (~1.4E+18 Becquerel) of long-lived radioactivity. The No. 4 pool is about 100 feet above ground, is structurally damaged and is exposed to the open elements. If an earthquake or other event were to cause this pool to drain this could result in a catastrophic radiological fire involving nearly 10 times the amount of Cs-137 released by the Chernobyl accident.Many of our readers might find it difficult to appreciate the actual meaning of the figure, yet we can grasp what 85 times more Cesium-137 than the Chernobyl would mean. It would destroy the world environment and our civilization. This is not rocket science, nor does it connect to the pugilistic debate over nuclear power plants. This is an issue of human survival.
The infrastructure to safely remove this material was destroyed as it was at the other three reactors. Spent reactor fuel cannot be simply lifted into the air by a crane as if it were routine cargo. In order to prevent severe radiation exposures, fires and possible explosions, it must be transferred at all times in water and heavily shielded structures into dry casks.. As this has never been done before, the removal of the spent fuel from the pools at the damaged Fukushima-Dai-Ichi reactors will require a major and time-consuming re-construction effort and will be charting in unknown waters. Despite the enormous destruction cased at the Da–Ichi site, dry casks holding a smaller amount of spent fuel appear to be unscathed.
Based on U.S. Energy Department data, assuming a total of 11,138 spent fuel assemblies are being stored at the Dai-Ichi site, nearly all, which is in pools. They contain roughly 336 million curies (~1.2 E+19 Bq) of long-lived radioactivity. About 134 million curies is Cesium-137 — roughly 85 times the amount of Cs-137 released at the Chernobyl accident as estimated by the U.S. National Council on Radiation Protection (NCRP). The total spent reactor fuel inventory at the Fukushima-Daichi site contains nearly half of the total amount of Cs-137 estimated by the NCRP to have been released by all atmospheric nuclear weapons testing, Chernobyl, and world-wide reprocessing plants (~270 million curies or ~9.9 E+18 Becquerel).
It is important for the public to understand that reactors that have been operating for decades, such as those at the Fukushima-Dai-Ichi site have generated some of the largest concentrations of radioactivity on the planet.
There was a Nuclear Security Summit Conference in Seoul on March 26 and 27, and Ambassador Murata and I made a concerted effort to find someone to inform the participants from 54 nations of the potential global catastrophe of reactor unit 4. We asked several participants to share the idea of an Independent Assessment team comprised of a broad group of international experts to deal with this urgent issue.
I would like to introduce Ambassador Murata’s letter to the UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon to convey this urgent message and also his letter to Japan’s Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda for Japanese readers. He emphasized in the statement that we should bring human wisdom to tackle this unprecedented challenge.
It seems to us that the Nuclear Security Summit was focused on the North Korea nuclear issue and on the issue of common security from a terrorist attack. Our appeal on the need for the independent assessment at Reactor 4 was regarded as less urgent. We predicted this outcome in light of the nature of the Summit. I suppose most participants fully understood the potential disaster which will affect their countries. Nevertheless, they decided not to raise the delicate issue, perhaps in order to not ruffle their diplomatic relationship with Japan.
I was moved by Ambassador Murata’s courage in pressing this issue in Japan. I know how difficult it is for a former career diplomat to do this, especially in my country. Current and former government officials might be similarly restricted in the scope of their actions, as Ambassador Murata is, but it is their responsibility to take a stand for the benefit of our descendants for centuries to come—to pass on a world safer than our ancestors passed us.
If Japanese government leaders do not recognize the risk their nation faces, how could the rest of us be persuaded of the looming disaster? And if the rest of us do not acknowledge the catastrophe we collectively face, who will be the one to act?
Tokyo, March 25, 2012
Dear Secretary-General,
Honorable Ban Ki-moon,
I wish to express my heartfelt gratitude for your considerate letter dated 2 March, 2012. Your moral support for a United Nations Ethics Summit will remain a constant source of encouragement for my activities.
Please allow me to pay a tribute to your great contribution to strengthen nuclear safety and security. The current Nuclear Summit in Seoul is no doubt greatly benefiting from the high-level meeting you convened last September.
I was asked to make a statement at the public hearing of the Budgetary Committee of the House of Councilors on March 23. I raised the crucial problem. of N0.4 reactor of Fukushima containing1535 fuel assemblies. It could be fatally damaged by continuing aftershocks. Moreover, 50 meters away from it exists a common cooling pool for 6 reactors containing 6375 fuel assemblies!
It is no exaggeration to say that the fate of Japan and the whole world depends on NO.4 reactor. This is confirmed by most reliable experts like Dr. Arnie Gundersen or Dr. Fumiaki Koide.
Please allow me to inform you of an initiative being taken by a former UN official who is endeavoring to have the Nuclear Security Summit take up the crucial problem. of N0.4 reactor of Fukushima. He is pursuing the establishment of an independent assessment team. I think his efforts are very significant, because it is indispensable to draw the attention of world leaders to this vital issue.
I am cooperating with him, writing to some of my Korean acquaintances that this issue deserves the personal attention of President Lee Myung-bak. I have written today to Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda. I asked him to consider taking the initiative of mobilizing human wisdom on the widest scope to cope with the Fukushima reactor No.4 problem, fully taking into account the above-mentioned “independent assessment team”.
The world has been made so fragile and vulnerable. The role of the United Nations is increasingly vital. I wish you the best of luck in your noble mission. Please accept, Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, the assurances of my highest consideration.
Mitsuhei Murata
Former Japanese Ambassador to Switzerland and Senegal
Executive Director, the Japan Society for Global System and Ethics
===================================================================
http://www.asianweek.com/2011/08/14/aussie-60-min-and-kaku-fukushima-and-chernobyl-radiation-in-all-of-us/
Aussie 60 Min and Kaku: Fukushima and Chernobyl Radiation In All Of Us
– August 14, 2011
As usual, US media is carrying next to zero coverage of the continuing nuclear mess as now radiation is affecting rice, mushrooms, hay, beef, tea, fish, seafood, sewage, playgrounds, compost, firewood, and now they can’t even drain swimming pools that are contaminated with fallout. Google news and youtube is full of stories every day that could fill up a small newspaper. They really should flag outlets like the Canadian National as conspiracy theory propoganda. I’m convinced these are the same people who seem to be using 9-11 truth as part of the “War Against Israel and USA by You Know Who” when you see “stuxnet” and “Leuren Moret” as sources swimming in a sea of professionally produced anti-Israel propoganda. These are bad guys along with worthless industry and government people who downplay the severity of the disasters.
One of the more prolific channels varies from crazy conspiracy stuff to mainstream pieces from a very good Australian 60 minutes program. Australia has done a much better job of covering the crisis as opposed to US media which seems to be more covering up and coverage. In this episode, the hop in a van but have to withdraw once they get within 20 km (10 mi) of the plant because the radiation detectors are going crazy. Remember the workers trying to clean up the plant have to work in this stuff all day when they signed up to work at a fully working plant that isn’t leaking radiation until the cows come home. They tallied 126,000 refugees and visited one of the many families with no job and no home living on a floor with cardboard box cubicles where kids have drawn in windows and pictures of the outdoors. There are pastures in England that still are too contaminated from Chernobyl to pasture cows 25 years later. They got to tour the Chernobyl site where discarded clothing in the hospital basement where they treated the first wave of firefighters who were fatally exposed was still radioactive. People who leave the area must be scanned because the air, water and food are all contaminated, and they’re still not even sure if the reactor fuel which is a massive hot glob on a concrete floor is still generating heat because it’s too dangerous to even check it. They estimate 5M people have been affected just locally, not counting the rest of europe, and they have set up hospitals for children whose medical conditions and cancers were almost certainly caused by the nuclear accident.
Michio Kaku is on throughout with his grim assessment that radiation from Chernobyl and now Fukushima circulated around the planet many times and is, measurabley or not, in all of us sooner or later. The program says that this cheap and reliable electrical generation method is costing the people dearly, and Kaku says that nations that have gone nuclear have to judge again if incidents like this are worth the risk, as these things don’t happen very often, but it only has to happen once to bring down the entire economy of a major part if not the entire economy of a nation as advanced as Japan.
I just went through some of the documentaries on Youtube about Three Mile Island which sounded eeriely like Fukushima – a stuck valve got alarms going that operators who were not “rocket scientists” did not realize was causing water to boil way and cause a meltdown. The operators actually shut down a key system that was to keep water coming into the reactor by mistake, something they also did in Japan after the earthquake at unit 1 which resulted in a full meltdown within the next day and a hydrogen explosion. Three Mile Island was “only” a partial meltdown with rods about half gone, at Fukushima all 3 operating reactors had all of the fuel break apart into a pile which not only broke through the pressure cooker pressure vessel, but also through cracks in the steel and concrete containment, leaking massive amounts of radiation into the air, land, and sea, and causing massive radiation leaks if not a still-speculated prompt critical explosion of spent fuel assemblies which were not properly cooled. Authorities at the time said there was nothing to worry about until the horse was out of the barn, and there is still controversy about how many health problems were suffered by people even though nobody got flashed with massive gamma rays like at Chernobyl.
Aussie 60 Min and Kaku: Fukushima and Chernobyl Radiation In All Of Us Deborah Dupre of the Human Rights Examiner picked up this column with this additional credit:
Japan using Fukushima people as human Guinnea Pigs
アップロード日: 2011/08/13
Believe it or not, this was on 60 Minutes not long ago... Michiou Kaku...
Asahi: "Horrifying" that Fukushima meltdown equivalent to almost 30 times the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima in WWII
http://enenews.com/asahi-horrifying-f...
I simply don't know what to say....
Agenda 21, Read it.
http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/documen...
Good evidence that cesium-gas residue is visible at Fukushima...
http://iangoddard.com/journal/fukushi...
as evidenced by
Fukushima: Lethal Levels of Radiation & the Implications (Arnie Gundersen)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nAMjiV...
TEPCO has discovered locations on the Fukushima plant site with lethal levels of external gamma radiation. Fairewinds takes a close look at how this radiation might have been deposited and how similar radioactive material would have been released offsite.
Japanese Air to be at Least 300 times Worse than Chernobyl (Chris Busby)1/5
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=42CMvo...
Fukushima Detects Highest Level of Radiation YET !!! 8/1/11 YIKES!
*Note: Single radiation dose of 2,000 millisieverts (200,000 millirems) and above causes serious illness. See also exposure list below.
Half-life of some radioactive elements
[NOTE: Half-life is the time taken for a radioactive substance to decay by half.] * Cesium-134 ~ 2 years * Cesium-137 ~ 30 years * Iodine-131 ~ 8 days * Plutonium-239 ~ 24,200 years * Ruthenium-103 ~ 39 days [Ruthenium is a fission product of uranium-235.] * Ruthenium-106 ~ 374 days * Strontium-90 ~ 28.85 years [Strontium-90 is a product of nuclear fission and is found in large amounts in spent nuclear fuel and in radioactive waste from nuclear reactors.] * Uranium-234 ~ 246,000 years * Uranium-235 ~ 703.8 million years * Uranium-238 ~ 4.468 billion years
gamma rays, alpha particles, beta particles, neutrons, uranium, plutonium, mox fuel, spent fuel rods, cooling pools, nuclear meltdown, JapanFocus.org, kyodo news, chain reaction, chlorine-38, chlorine-37, seawater, fukushima daiichi, today, update, newest information, splitting atoms, water into pacific ocean, TEPCO, Tokyo Electric power company, GE, Earthquake, tsunami, aftershocks, fault line, fission, isotype Te-129, half life, halflife, reactor core, inadvertent criticality, chernobyl on steroids, dosimeters, roentgens, boron, daughter products, satellite image, crane camera view, update on crisis in Japan, The Great Eastern Japan Earthquake, rescue, Arnie Gunderson, Fairewinds Associates, fairewinds.com, nutron bursts, neutron bursts, strange isotope, nuclear reactors, chain reaction, table of elements, decay, iodine 131, high levels, units 1 2 3 4 5 6, telerium, part of core undergoing periodic nuclear fission, extra heat, extra radiation, neutrons, difficult to measure, doses of radiation difficult to measure, portion of core periodically turning itself on, boiled seawater, aerial view of fukushima daiichi after explosion, water, crane cam, hydrogen explosion, polymer, compound, filter curtains, containment plan, high levels of radiation, remote control robot, rising water levels, radioactive substances, suppession pool, containment vessel, storage pool, nitrogen injection, salt removal, water purification, environmental monitoring, evacuation zone, decontamination, residents, cooling system * fukushima * fukashima * fukishima * daiichi * daichi * dai-ichi * daini * japanese * government * japan * tokyo * electric * power * company * tepco * kansai * nisa * kyusu * chubu * ge * storm * landslides * flood * water * table * radioactive * isotopes * christopher * busby * false * flag * agaenda * 21 * nwo * atomic * weapons * cold * shutdown * trouble * cooling * system * decontamination * nnsa * jaczko * genoside * leuren * moret * strutnex * virus * black * rain * hot * particles * fort * calhoun * nrc * perry * ohio * meltdown * reactor * evacuation * exclusion * zone
Asahi: "Horrifying" that Fukushima meltdown equivalent to almost 30 times the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima in WWII
http://enenews.com/asahi-horrifying-f...
I simply don't know what to say....
Agenda 21, Read it.
http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/documen...
Good evidence that cesium-gas residue is visible at Fukushima...
http://iangoddard.com/journal/fukushi...
as evidenced by
Fukushima: Lethal Levels of Radiation & the Implications (Arnie Gundersen)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nAMjiV...
TEPCO has discovered locations on the Fukushima plant site with lethal levels of external gamma radiation. Fairewinds takes a close look at how this radiation might have been deposited and how similar radioactive material would have been released offsite.
Japanese Air to be at Least 300 times Worse than Chernobyl (Chris Busby)1/5
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=42CMvo...
Fukushima Detects Highest Level of Radiation YET !!! 8/1/11 YIKES!
*Note: Single radiation dose of 2,000 millisieverts (200,000 millirems) and above causes serious illness. See also exposure list below.
Half-life of some radioactive elements
[NOTE: Half-life is the time taken for a radioactive substance to decay by half.] * Cesium-134 ~ 2 years * Cesium-137 ~ 30 years * Iodine-131 ~ 8 days * Plutonium-239 ~ 24,200 years * Ruthenium-103 ~ 39 days [Ruthenium is a fission product of uranium-235.] * Ruthenium-106 ~ 374 days * Strontium-90 ~ 28.85 years [Strontium-90 is a product of nuclear fission and is found in large amounts in spent nuclear fuel and in radioactive waste from nuclear reactors.] * Uranium-234 ~ 246,000 years * Uranium-235 ~ 703.8 million years * Uranium-238 ~ 4.468 billion years
gamma rays, alpha particles, beta particles, neutrons, uranium, plutonium, mox fuel, spent fuel rods, cooling pools, nuclear meltdown, JapanFocus.org, kyodo news, chain reaction, chlorine-38, chlorine-37, seawater, fukushima daiichi, today, update, newest information, splitting atoms, water into pacific ocean, TEPCO, Tokyo Electric power company, GE, Earthquake, tsunami, aftershocks, fault line, fission, isotype Te-129, half life, halflife, reactor core, inadvertent criticality, chernobyl on steroids, dosimeters, roentgens, boron, daughter products, satellite image, crane camera view, update on crisis in Japan, The Great Eastern Japan Earthquake, rescue, Arnie Gunderson, Fairewinds Associates, fairewinds.com, nutron bursts, neutron bursts, strange isotope, nuclear reactors, chain reaction, table of elements, decay, iodine 131, high levels, units 1 2 3 4 5 6, telerium, part of core undergoing periodic nuclear fission, extra heat, extra radiation, neutrons, difficult to measure, doses of radiation difficult to measure, portion of core periodically turning itself on, boiled seawater, aerial view of fukushima daiichi after explosion, water, crane cam, hydrogen explosion, polymer, compound, filter curtains, containment plan, high levels of radiation, remote control robot, rising water levels, radioactive substances, suppession pool, containment vessel, storage pool, nitrogen injection, salt removal, water purification, environmental monitoring, evacuation zone, decontamination, residents, cooling system * fukushima * fukashima * fukishima * daiichi * daichi * dai-ichi * daini * japanese * government * japan * tokyo * electric * power * company * tepco * kansai * nisa * kyusu * chubu * ge * storm * landslides * flood * water * table * radioactive * isotopes * christopher * busby * false * flag * agaenda * 21 * nwo * atomic * weapons * cold * shutdown * trouble * cooling * system * decontamination * nnsa * jaczko * genoside * leuren * moret * strutnex * virus * black * rain * hot * particles * fort * calhoun * nrc * perry * ohio * meltdown * reactor * evacuation * exclusion * zone
Japanese Air to be at Least 300 times Worse than Chernobyl (Chris Busby
アップロード日: 2011/08/02
Dr. Chris Busby article
Japanese air to be at least 300 times worse than the air during Chernobyl
http://www.shoah.org.uk/2011/08/02/fu...
IMPORTANT VIDEO:
Fukushima "A Disaster beyond imagining" - Prof. Chris Busby
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Icnwgf...
Those are the only 2 links I'll leave you with today. I tried to edit out the Japanese translation part for you, but my computer puked out 3/4 the way through and I lost it. Here's the original Ustream video.
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
************and a special recommendation for this one!!!!***********
Lying Politicians And Words
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SKftRl...
*Note: Single radiation dose of 2,000 millisieverts (200,000 millirems) and above causes serious illness. See also exposure list below.
Half-life of some radioactive elements
[NOTE: Half-life is the time taken for a radioactive substance to decay by half.] * Cesium-134 ~ 2 years * Cesium-137 ~ 30 years * Iodine-131 ~ 8 days * Plutonium-239 ~ 24,200 years * Ruthenium-103 ~ 39 days [Ruthenium is a fission product of uranium-235.] * Ruthenium-106 ~ 374 days * Strontium-90 ~ 28.85 years [Strontium-90 is a product of nuclear fission and is found in large amounts in spent nuclear fuel and in radioactive waste from nuclear reactors.] * Uranium-234 ~ 246,000 years * Uranium-235 ~ 703.8 million years * Uranium-238 ~ 4.468 billion years
gamma rays, alpha particles, beta particles, neutrons, uranium, plutonium, mox fuel, spent fuel rods, cooling pools, nuclear meltdown, JapanFocus.org, kyodo news, chain reaction, chlorine-38, chlorine-37, seawater, fukushima daiichi, today, update, newest information, splitting atoms, water into pacific ocean, TEPCO, Tokyo Electric power company, GE, Earthquake, tsunami, aftershocks, fault line, fission, isotype Te-129, half life, halflife, reactor core, inadvertent criticality, chernobyl on steroids, dosimeters, roentgens, boron, daughter products, satellite image, crane camera view, update on crisis in Japan, The Great Eastern Japan Earthquake, rescue, Arnie Gunderson, Fairewinds Associates, fairewinds.com, nutron bursts, neutron bursts, strange isotope, nuclear reactors, chain reaction, table of elements, decay, iodine 131, high levels, units 1 2 3 4 5 6, telerium, part of core undergoing periodic nuclear fission, extra heat, extra radiation, neutrons, difficult to measure, doses of radiation difficult to measure, portion of core periodically turning itself on, boiled seawater, aerial view of fukushima daiichi after explosion, water, crane cam, hydrogen explosion, polymer, compound, filter curtains, containment plan, high levels of radiation, remote control robot, rising water levels, radioactive substances, suppession pool, containment vessel, storage pool, nitrogen injection, salt removal, water purification, environmental monitoring, evacuation zone, decontamination, residents, cooling system * fukushima * fukashima * fukishima * daiichi * daichi * dai-ichi * daini * japanese * government * japan * tokyo * electric * power * company * tepco * kansai * nisa * kyusu * chubu * ge * storm * landslides * flood * water * table * radioactive * isotopes * christopher * busby * false * flag * agaenda * 21 * nwo * atomic * weapons * cold * shutdown * trouble * cooling * system * decontamination * nnsa * jaczko * genoside * leuren * moret * strutnex * virus * black * rain * hot * particles * fort * calhoun * nrc * perry * ohio * meltdown * reactor * evacuation * exclusion * zone
Japanese air to be at least 300 times worse than the air during Chernobyl
http://www.shoah.org.uk/2011/08/02/fu...
IMPORTANT VIDEO:
Fukushima "A Disaster beyond imagining" - Prof. Chris Busby
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Icnwgf...
Those are the only 2 links I'll leave you with today. I tried to edit out the Japanese translation part for you, but my computer puked out 3/4 the way through and I lost it. Here's the original Ustream video.
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
************and a special recommendation for this one!!!!***********
Lying Politicians And Words
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SKftRl...
*Note: Single radiation dose of 2,000 millisieverts (200,000 millirems) and above causes serious illness. See also exposure list below.
Half-life of some radioactive elements
[NOTE: Half-life is the time taken for a radioactive substance to decay by half.] * Cesium-134 ~ 2 years * Cesium-137 ~ 30 years * Iodine-131 ~ 8 days * Plutonium-239 ~ 24,200 years * Ruthenium-103 ~ 39 days [Ruthenium is a fission product of uranium-235.] * Ruthenium-106 ~ 374 days * Strontium-90 ~ 28.85 years [Strontium-90 is a product of nuclear fission and is found in large amounts in spent nuclear fuel and in radioactive waste from nuclear reactors.] * Uranium-234 ~ 246,000 years * Uranium-235 ~ 703.8 million years * Uranium-238 ~ 4.468 billion years
gamma rays, alpha particles, beta particles, neutrons, uranium, plutonium, mox fuel, spent fuel rods, cooling pools, nuclear meltdown, JapanFocus.org, kyodo news, chain reaction, chlorine-38, chlorine-37, seawater, fukushima daiichi, today, update, newest information, splitting atoms, water into pacific ocean, TEPCO, Tokyo Electric power company, GE, Earthquake, tsunami, aftershocks, fault line, fission, isotype Te-129, half life, halflife, reactor core, inadvertent criticality, chernobyl on steroids, dosimeters, roentgens, boron, daughter products, satellite image, crane camera view, update on crisis in Japan, The Great Eastern Japan Earthquake, rescue, Arnie Gunderson, Fairewinds Associates, fairewinds.com, nutron bursts, neutron bursts, strange isotope, nuclear reactors, chain reaction, table of elements, decay, iodine 131, high levels, units 1 2 3 4 5 6, telerium, part of core undergoing periodic nuclear fission, extra heat, extra radiation, neutrons, difficult to measure, doses of radiation difficult to measure, portion of core periodically turning itself on, boiled seawater, aerial view of fukushima daiichi after explosion, water, crane cam, hydrogen explosion, polymer, compound, filter curtains, containment plan, high levels of radiation, remote control robot, rising water levels, radioactive substances, suppession pool, containment vessel, storage pool, nitrogen injection, salt removal, water purification, environmental monitoring, evacuation zone, decontamination, residents, cooling system * fukushima * fukashima * fukishima * daiichi * daichi * dai-ichi * daini * japanese * government * japan * tokyo * electric * power * company * tepco * kansai * nisa * kyusu * chubu * ge * storm * landslides * flood * water * table * radioactive * isotopes * christopher * busby * false * flag * agaenda * 21 * nwo * atomic * weapons * cold * shutdown * trouble * cooling * system * decontamination * nnsa * jaczko * genoside * leuren * moret * strutnex * virus * black * rain * hot * particles * fort * calhoun * nrc * perry * ohio * meltdown * reactor * evacuation * exclusion * zone
Category Archives: Japanese
Finding the Missing Link is a project by Akio Matsumura and Chris Cote to connect people, information, and ideas to provide effective and innovative solutions to new types of international problems. Read more.
http://akiomatsumura.com/category/translations/japanese
日本よ、プライドを捨て助けを求めよ
松 村 昭 雄
日本は島国です。海外の国々とは太平洋の海流を介してつながりを保ってきました。幾千年にも渡り、この海流は日本の船乗りたちを遥かなる異国の岸へと運んできました。ところが今や、海流は放射能を運んでいます。福島の事故処理について、日本は国際援助の要請を渋っていますが、危険が自国内のみに留まっているならまだしも、健康被害は諸外国にも及びます。原発に対する日本の危機管理はずさん且つ無責任で、各国政府から容認されるものではありません。とりわけアメリカは、食品汚染を受ける危機に瀕しています。
放射能汚染水は、福島第一原発の使用済み核燃料棒を冷却する過程で発生します。東京電力は、原発内に設置した約１０００基のタンクに汚染水を貯蔵していますが、これらのタンクのうち、およそ３分の１はボルトで鋼鉄をつないだタイプで、溶接型のそれよりも漏水が起こりやすい脆弱な構造です。東電は、毎年数百基のタンクを増設し続けていかねばなりません。更に、福島第一原発の廃炉まで40年、増え続けるタンクは一体どこへ行くのでしょうか。
東電は、相次ぐ汚染水問題への対処で既に苦境に立たされています。原子力規制委員会の田中俊一委員長はジャパンタイムズで、福島第一原発について「お化け屋敷みたいに次から次へといろんなことが起こる」と表現しました。英紙ガーディアンが報じるところでは、あるタンクから極度に高い放射線量が検出されているということですが、東電はその原因を把握していません。
今夏には、事故発生以来、汚染水が太平洋に流出している事実を東電が明かした上、同社に事故処理能力のないことが示されたことを受け、安倍晋三首相が規制委に対し、廃炉に向け積極的関与を強めていくよう指示する展開となりました。田中委員長は、「汚染水の漏洩を即座に止めることは不可能。それが現実だ。汚染水は未だ海洋に流出し続けており、周辺環境への影響をより詳しく調査していく必要がある。」と述べました。
放射能汚染水の流出は今後も続くでしょう。その上、タンク容量には限界が迫り、日本政府は現在保管中の汚染水の海洋放出も検討せざるを得ない状況にあります。
汚染水がもたらす海洋への影響は計り知れません。南北アメリカ大陸、アジアの島々や長く延びる沿岸、オーストラリアの堡礁に至るまで、世界の広範を太平洋がつないでいるということを忘れてはなりません。太平洋が育む生態系は複雑で多様性に富んでいます。
ところが、その恵みの活用が最大の懸念となっているのです。鮭はアラスカを目指して東へ、鮪は日本の近海へと回遊します。今のところ、福島県沖での漁業は操業を停止しています。放射化学研究チームを率いるケン・ビュッセラー氏は、福島県沖での調査を終え、次のように述べました。「原発事故による海洋生態系への影響はまだよく分かっていないが、汚染水の流出が増しており、危惧すべき事態だ。」
日本人は何千年もの古より、海とは特有の絆を紡いできました。それがここ二年で、遺産とも言うべき海との関係を永久に変えてしまったのです。元来未解明な生物連鎖にどんな影響を及ぼすのか、正確に想定することは不可能です。地球の住人として、日本人そして人類はその地球を汚す権利など有してはいません。
放射能汚染水の危機は、悪化の一途を辿っていますが、これは他にもたくさん潜在する危機のうちのほんの一事に過ぎません。多くの科学者たちが福島の最悪のシナリオを次のように説明しています。２０１１年の地震と津波により、原子炉４基が損壊し、このうち３基は放射線量が高いため修復が全く進まず、残り１基についてはチェルノブイリの１０倍に相当する放射能を発生している。これら原子炉のうち１基でも崩壊すれば、世界規模の大惨事を引き起こすだろう。地震によって構造物が損傷し、シナリオは現実になり兼ねない、と。
危機。大惨事。これらの語が警鐘を鳴らしています。
ところが、安倍首相の基本方針では、日本は平常通りであると明言。このところの首相は、事故対応の不手際を批判されてきたものの（東京は２０２０年の五輪開催地として相応しくないという声もあります）、政権内の立場は強く、政策を揺るぎなく行使しています。
安倍首相はむしろ、苦労の末手にした政治権力を危機の抑止に行使すべきです。無益な国家の威信感情を制して、世界各国から選り抜きの専門家と技術の提供を要請することが首相には可能なのです。各国はすぐさま援助に駆けつけてくれるに違いありません。支援を求めることこそ、安倍政権の最優先事項のはずであり、それがよい政治というものです。輸出品トップが放射能ということになれば、首相はどうやって日本経済を強く建て直していくつもりなのでしょうか。
実際信じがたいのは、タンクからの汚染水漏れや燃料プール冷却装置の電源喪失、新たな巨大地震といった更なる災害への防止が、首相の最大の関心事ではないことです。大きな難題と起こり得る大災害について理解しているには違いありません。しかし、損壊した原子力発電所と地下の汚染水を１０年で処理する抜本策が見出せず、首相としては、２０２０年開催の東京オリンピックへ衆目を逸らしたいところなのでしょう。この方策で行けば、次の災害が自分の任期中に起こらないことをただ願うのみです。
政府の腰の重さは愚かしいほどです。特に顕著なのはアメリカで、首脳陣は、科学ではあてにならない、もっと決定的な証拠が必要だと言って、等閑に付しています。公益のため、人的、物的資源を結集し、先んじて予防措置を講じるのは、政府だからこそ為せる技です。ドイツ、ロシア、フランス、イギリスは確かに支援できるでしょうが、アメリカは科学、工学、衛生において、最高の技術と専門家を擁する国であります。日本はこうした国々に、汚染水流出をくい止め、損壊した４基の原子炉を安定化するため手助けを求めていかねばなりません。日米両国の首脳は、一旦起こってしまうと元には戻らない性質の重大事故で、人々が少なくとも数百年に渡り、放射能と健康被害の危険を背負っていくという事実を認識すべきです。
政治家は任期制のおかげでその責務から逃げおおせても、国民はいかなる健康被害が襲ってこようと逃げられません。我々日本人は、回復不能なほど太平洋を傷め付けた者としてその遺物を後世に継ぎたくはありません。我々アメリカ人は、この災害で被害を被りたくはありません。我々人類は、汚染された太平洋を目にしたくはありません。しかし、安倍首相が人々の健康より富を優先するのを許してしまえば、我々も長い歴史の中では確実に加担者となるでしょう。
日本は、そのプライドを捨て、自国と世界を救うために、国外からの英知と技術を求めるべきです。
（日本語訳：野村初美）
Japan, Swallow Your Pride and Ask for Help
http://akiomatsumura.com/
日本は島国です。海外の国々とは太平洋の海流を介してつながりを保ってきました。幾千年にも渡り、この海流は日本の船乗りたちを遥かなる異国の岸へと運んできました。ところが今や、海流は放射能を運んでいます。福島の事故処理について、日本は国際援助の要請を渋っていますが、危険が自国内のみに留まっているならまだしも、健康被害は諸外国にも及びます。原発に対する日本の危機管理はずさん且つ無責任で、各国政府から容認されるものではありません。とりわけアメリカは、食品汚染を受ける危機に瀕しています。
放射能汚染水は、福島第一原発の使用済み核燃料棒を冷却する過程で発生します。東京電力は、原発内に設置した約１０００基のタンクに汚染水を貯蔵していますが、これらのタンクのうち、およそ３分の１はボルトで鋼鉄をつないだタイプで、溶接型のそれよりも漏水が起こりやすい脆弱な構造です。東電は、毎年数百基のタンクを増設し続けていかねばなりません。更に、福島第一原発の廃炉まで40年、増え続けるタンクは一体どこへ行くのでしょうか。
東電は、相次ぐ汚染水問題への対処で既に苦境に立たされています。原子力規制委員会の田中俊一委員長はジャパンタイムズで、福島第一原発について「お化け屋敷みたいに次から次へといろんなことが起こる」と表現しました。英紙ガーディアンが報じるところでは、あるタンクから極度に高い放射線量が検出されているということですが、東電はその原因を把握していません。
今夏には、事故発生以来、汚染水が太平洋に流出している事実を東電が明かした上、同社に事故処理能力のないことが示されたことを受け、安倍晋三首相が規制委に対し、廃炉に向け積極的関与を強めていくよう指示する展開となりました。田中委員長は、「汚染水の漏洩を即座に止めることは不可能。それが現実だ。汚染水は未だ海洋に流出し続けており、周辺環境への影響をより詳しく調査していく必要がある。」と述べました。
放射能汚染水の流出は今後も続くでしょう。その上、タンク容量には限界が迫り、日本政府は現在保管中の汚染水の海洋放出も検討せざるを得ない状況にあります。
汚染水がもたらす海洋への影響は計り知れません。南北アメリカ大陸、アジアの島々や長く延びる沿岸、オーストラリアの堡礁に至るまで、世界の広範を太平洋がつないでいるということを忘れてはなりません。太平洋が育む生態系は複雑で多様性に富んでいます。
ところが、その恵みの活用が最大の懸念となっているのです。鮭はアラスカを目指して東へ、鮪は日本の近海へと回遊します。今のところ、福島県沖での漁業は操業を停止しています。放射化学研究チームを率いるケン・ビュッセラー氏は、福島県沖での調査を終え、次のように述べました。「原発事故による海洋生態系への影響はまだよく分かっていないが、汚染水の流出が増しており、危惧すべき事態だ。」
日本人は何千年もの古より、海とは特有の絆を紡いできました。それがここ二年で、遺産とも言うべき海との関係を永久に変えてしまったのです。元来未解明な生物連鎖にどんな影響を及ぼすのか、正確に想定することは不可能です。地球の住人として、日本人そして人類はその地球を汚す権利など有してはいません。
放射能汚染水の危機は、悪化の一途を辿っていますが、これは他にもたくさん潜在する危機のうちのほんの一事に過ぎません。多くの科学者たちが福島の最悪のシナリオを次のように説明しています。２０１１年の地震と津波により、原子炉４基が損壊し、このうち３基は放射線量が高いため修復が全く進まず、残り１基についてはチェルノブイリの１０倍に相当する放射能を発生している。これら原子炉のうち１基でも崩壊すれば、世界規模の大惨事を引き起こすだろう。地震によって構造物が損傷し、シナリオは現実になり兼ねない、と。
危機。大惨事。これらの語が警鐘を鳴らしています。
ところが、安倍首相の基本方針では、日本は平常通りであると明言。このところの首相は、事故対応の不手際を批判されてきたものの（東京は２０２０年の五輪開催地として相応しくないという声もあります）、政権内の立場は強く、政策を揺るぎなく行使しています。
安倍首相はむしろ、苦労の末手にした政治権力を危機の抑止に行使すべきです。無益な国家の威信感情を制して、世界各国から選り抜きの専門家と技術の提供を要請することが首相には可能なのです。各国はすぐさま援助に駆けつけてくれるに違いありません。支援を求めることこそ、安倍政権の最優先事項のはずであり、それがよい政治というものです。輸出品トップが放射能ということになれば、首相はどうやって日本経済を強く建て直していくつもりなのでしょうか。
実際信じがたいのは、タンクからの汚染水漏れや燃料プール冷却装置の電源喪失、新たな巨大地震といった更なる災害への防止が、首相の最大の関心事ではないことです。大きな難題と起こり得る大災害について理解しているには違いありません。しかし、損壊した原子力発電所と地下の汚染水を１０年で処理する抜本策が見出せず、首相としては、２０２０年開催の東京オリンピックへ衆目を逸らしたいところなのでしょう。この方策で行けば、次の災害が自分の任期中に起こらないことをただ願うのみです。
政府の腰の重さは愚かしいほどです。特に顕著なのはアメリカで、首脳陣は、科学ではあてにならない、もっと決定的な証拠が必要だと言って、等閑に付しています。公益のため、人的、物的資源を結集し、先んじて予防措置を講じるのは、政府だからこそ為せる技です。ドイツ、ロシア、フランス、イギリスは確かに支援できるでしょうが、アメリカは科学、工学、衛生において、最高の技術と専門家を擁する国であります。日本はこうした国々に、汚染水流出をくい止め、損壊した４基の原子炉を安定化するため手助けを求めていかねばなりません。日米両国の首脳は、一旦起こってしまうと元には戻らない性質の重大事故で、人々が少なくとも数百年に渡り、放射能と健康被害の危険を背負っていくという事実を認識すべきです。
政治家は任期制のおかげでその責務から逃げおおせても、国民はいかなる健康被害が襲ってこようと逃げられません。我々日本人は、回復不能なほど太平洋を傷め付けた者としてその遺物を後世に継ぎたくはありません。我々アメリカ人は、この災害で被害を被りたくはありません。我々人類は、汚染された太平洋を目にしたくはありません。しかし、安倍首相が人々の健康より富を優先するのを許してしまえば、我々も長い歴史の中では確実に加担者となるでしょう。
日本は、そのプライドを捨て、自国と世界を救うために、国外からの英知と技術を求めるべきです。
（日本語訳：野村初美）
Japan, Swallow Your Pride and Ask for Help
http://akiomatsumura.com/
Japan is an island nation, connected to the rest of the world through the Pacific Ocean’s currents. For thousands of years those waterways have carried Japanese sailors to distant shores. Now they carry radioactivity to our coasts. Japan’s reluctance to ask for international help in managing Fukushima’s cleanup would be one thing if it put only its own people at risk. But with the rest of the world facing health risks, Japan’s mismanagement of its nuclear crisis is irresponsible and should not be accepted by other governments, especially the United States, whose food supply stands to be contaminated.
The contaminated water is the result of a process that cools the spent fuel rods at the site. TEPCO is storing the water in almost 1000 tanks on the site. About one-third of these tanks are more vulnerable to leaks because their steel walls are bolted together rather than welded. TEPCO will have to continue to build several hundred more each year. And with the decommissioning of the power plant taking 40 years, where will the new water tanks go?TEPCO is already having a tough time keeping up with the growing variety of problems that storing the water has caused. The Chairman of the Nuclear Regulation Authority described the plant to the Japan Times as being like a “haunted house” in which “mishaps keep happening one after the other.” The Guardian reports that extremely high levels of radiation are coming from one tank. TEPCO does not know why the radiation levels spiked.
Through the summer, after TEPCO revealed contaminated water has leaked into the Pacific Ocean since the accident and proved its inability to handle the accident, Prime Minister Abe instructed the Nuclear Regulation Authority to take a more active role in decommissioning the plants. Its Chairman, Shunichi Tanaka, said: ‘We cannot fully stop contaminated water leaks right away. That’s the reality. The water is still leaking into the sea, and we should better assess its environment impact.’”
The irradiated water will continue to leak into the ocean. And with no room for new tanks, Japan will have to dump the irradiated water it is holding now as well.
The effects this will have on the ocean are largely unknown. We must remember that the Pacific Ocean connects most of the world, reaching the shores of both Americas, the long coasts and islands of Asia, and the barrier reefs of Australia. The web of life it contains is complex and rich.
Still, it is our use of its resources that concerns us most. Salmon swim east to Alaska, tuna swim off the coast of Japan. For now, fisheries around Fukushima have been closed. Ken Buesseler, leader of a radiochemistry research team that just finished work off the coast of Fukushima, makes clear that we still know little about the accidents’ effects on the marine ecosystem, but the increasing flow of irradiated water into the ocean is worrisome.
The Japanese formed a unique bond to the sea over thousands of years. In the last two years we have changed the legacy of that relationship forever. We cannot properly conceive of the effects on a network of life we know little about in the first place. As tenants of the planet, the Japanese and human beings have no right to pollute as we have.
The water crisis is just one thing that has gone wrong, and just one of many more that could go wrong but haven’t yet. Many scientists have explained the worst case scenario for Fukushima: four nuclear reactors were damaged by the 2011 tsunami and earthquake. Of these, three reactors have not been repaired at all due to the high radiation and the fourth contains ten times the radioactivity of what Chernobyl released. If one of the reactors collapses, it will cause a global catastrophe. Earthquakes and structural damage contribute to this event’s likelihood.
Crisis. Catastrophe. The words I choose are those of alarm.
But a quick look at Prime Minister Abe’s agenda makes it clear that business continues as usual in Japan. Although he has come under recent criticism for mishandling the crisis (some have protested that Tokyo should not be a finalist for the 2020 Olympic Games), his strong position has let him carry on, his political course unchanged.
Instead, Prime Minister Abe should use his hard-won political independence to stave off a crisis. He has the opportunity to overcome Japan’s incapacitating national pride and ask for the best technical support and expertise the world can offer. The world would no doubt quickly come to Japan’s aid. Asking for assistance should be his first governing priority. Besides, it is good politics. How can he build a strong Japanese economy if a top export is radioactivity?
In fact, I find it hard to believe that preventing further disaster — a leaking water tank, a power failure to a cooling pool, another mega earthquake — is not his greatest concern. I believe he has grasped the huge challenge and the potential catastrophe, but with no clear solution to handle the damaged nuclear plants and underground contaminated water in ten years, Prime Minister Abe wishes to shift the public attention to the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Game. With this strategy he can only hope that the next crisis will not take place during his term.
The threshold for government action is foolishly high. Especially in the United States. Leaders say that the science is uncertain, that we need more definitive evidence. This is negligent. Government has the unique ability to convene resources and intervene early to take precautionary action for public good. While Germany, Russia, France, and England could certainly help, the United States is home to some of the best technology and experts in science, engineering, and health. Japan needs to ask for their help in stemming the flow of water and stabilizing the four damaged power plants. American and Japanese leaders should realize that the irreversible nature of a large crisis will leave us with radiation and other health risks for a minimum of several hundred years.
While a politician can skip out on his responsibility thanks to terms of office, we the people cannot avoid whatever health risks ensue. We as Japanese do not want to carry the legacy as those who irreparably harmed the Pacific Ocean and we as Americans do not want to be affected by this crisis. We as humans do not want to see the Pacific Ocean polluted. But by letting Prime Minister Abe choose wealth over health, we are cementing our joint roles in the history books.
Japan must swallow its national pride and ask the best minds and technology from abroad to save Japan and the world.
===================================================================
http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/chernobyl.html
UNSCEAR assessments of the Chernobyl accident
The Chernobyl accident
UNSCEAR's assessments of the radiation effects
SummaryUNSCEAR assessments
Release of radionuclides | Maps
Exposure of individuals
Health effects
Conclusions
Summary
The accident at the Chernobyl nuclear reactor that occurred on 26 April 1986 was the most serious accident ever to occur in the nuclear power industry. The reactor was destroyed in the accident and considerable amounts of radioactive material were released to the environment. The accident caused the deaths, within a few weeks, of 30 workers and radiation injuries to over a hundred others. In response, the authorities evacuated, in 1986, about 115,000 people from areas surrounding the reactor and subsequently relocated, after 1986, about 220,000 people from Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine. The accident caused serious social and psychological disruption in the lives of those affected and vast economic losses over the entire region. Large areas of the three countries were contaminated with radioactive materials, and radionuclides from the Chernobyl release were measurable in all countries of the northern hemisphere.Among the residents of Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine, there had been up to the year 2005 more than 6,000 cases of thyroid cancer reported in children and adolescents who were exposed at the time of the accident, and more cases can be expected during the next decades. Notwithstanding the influence of enhanced screening regimes, many of those cancers were most likely caused by radiation exposures shortly after the accident. Apart from this increase, there is no evidence of a major public health impact attributable to radiation exposure two decades after the accident. There is no scientific evidence of increases in overall cancer incidence or mortality rates or in rates of non-malignant disorders that could be related to radiation exposure. The incidence of leukaemia in the general population, one of the main concerns owing to the shorter time expected between exposure and its occurrence compared with solid cancers, does not appear to be elevated. Although those most highly exposed individuals are at an increased risk of radiation-associated effects, the great majority of the population is not likely to experience serious health consequences as a result of radiation from the Chernobyl accident. Many other health problems have been noted in the populations that are not related to radiation exposure.
of radionuclides
The accident at the Chernobyl reactor happened during an experimental test of the electrical control system as the reactor was being shut down for routine maintenance. The operators, in violation of safety regulations, had switched off important control systems and allowed the reactor, which had design flaws, to reach unstable, low-power conditions. A sudden power surge caused a steam explosion that ruptured the reactor vessel, allowing further violent fuel-steam interactions that destroyed the reactor core and severely damaged the reactor building. Subsequently, an intense graphite fire burned for 10 days. Under those conditions, large releases of radioactive materials took place.
Contamination mapsExposure of individuals
The radionuclides released from the reactor that caused exposure of individuals were mainly iodine-131, caesium-134 and caesium-137. Iodine-131 has a short radioactive half-life (eight days), but it can be transferred to humans relatively rapidly from the air and through consumption of contaminated milk and leafy vegetables. Iodine becomes localized in the thyroid gland. For reasons related to the intake of milk and dairy products by infants and children, as well as the size of their thyroid glands and their metabolism, the radiation doses are usually higher for them than for adults.The isotopes of caesium have relatively longer half-lives (caesium-134 has a half-life of 2 years while that of caesium-137 is 30 years). These radionuclides cause longer-term exposures through the ingestion pathway and through external exposure from their deposition on the ground. Many other radionuclides were associated with the accident, which were also considered in the exposure assessments.
Average effective doses to those persons most affected by the accident were assessed to be about 120 mSv for 530,000 recovery operation workers, 30 mSv for 115,000 evacuated persons and 9 mSv during the first two decades after the accident to those who continued to reside in contaminated areas. (For comparison, the typical dose from a single computed tomography scan is 9 mSv). Maximum individual values of the dose may be an order of magnitude and even more. Outside Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine, other European countries were affected by the accident. Average national doses there were less than 1 mSv in the first year after the accident with progressively decreasing doses in subsequent years. The average dose over a lifetime in distant countries of Europe was estimated to be about 1 mSv. These doses are comparable to an annual dose from natural background radiation (the global average is 2.4 mSv) and are, therefore, of little radiological significance.
The exposures were much higher for those involved in mitigating the effects of the accident and those who resided nearby. Those exposures are reviewed in great detail in the UNSCEAR assessments.
Health effects
The Chernobyl accident caused many severe radiation effects almost immediately. Of 600 workers present on the site during the early morning of 26 April 1986, 134 received high doses (0.8-16 Gy) and suffered from radiation sickness. Of these, 28 died in the first three months and another 19 died in 1987-2004 of various causes not necessarily associated with radiation exposure. In addition, according to the UNSCEAR 2008 Report, the majority of the 530,000 registered recovery operation workers received doses of between 0.02 Gy and 0.5 Gy between 1986 and 1990. That cohort is still at potential risk of late consequences such as cancer and other diseases and their health will be followed closely.
The Chernobyl accident also resulted in widespread radioactive contamination in areas of Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine inhabited by several million people. In addition to causing radiation exposure, the accident caused long-term changes in the lives of the people living in the contaminated districts, since the measures intended to limit radiation doses included resettlement, changes in food supplies and restrictions on the activities of individuals and families. Later on, those changes were accompanied by the major economic, social, and political changes that took place when the former Soviet Union broke up.For the last two decades, attention has been focused on investigating the association between exposure caused by radionuclides released in the Chernobyl accident and late effects, in particular thyroid cancer in children. Doses to the thyroid received in the first few months after the accident were particularly high in those who were children and adolescents at the time in Belarus, Ukraine and the most affected Russian regions and drank milk with high levels of radioactive iodine. By 2005, more than 6,000 thyroid cancer cases had been diagnosed in this group, and it is most likely that a large fraction of these thyroid cancers is attributable to radioiodine intake. It is expected that the increase in thyroid cancer incidence due to the Chernobyl accident will continue for many more years, although the long-term increase is difficult to quantify precisely.
Among Russian recovery operation workers with higher doses there is emerging evidence of some increase in the incidence of leukaemia. However, based on other studies, the annual incidence of radiation-induced leukaemia would be expected to fall within a few decades after exposure. In addition, recent studies of the recovery operation workers indicate that opacities of the eye lens might be caused by relatively low radiation doses.
Among the 106 patients surviving radiation sickness, complete normalization of health took several years. Many of those patients developed clinically significant radiation-induced cataracts in the first few years after the accident. Over the period 1987-2006, 19 survivors died for various reasons; however, some of these deaths were due to causes not associated with radiation exposure.
Apart from the dramatic increase in thyroid cancer incidence among those exposed at a young age, and some indication of an increased leukaemia and cataract incidence among the workers, there is no clearly demonstrated increase in the incidence of solid cancers or leukaemia due to radiation in the exposed populations. Neither is there any proof of other non-malignant disorders that are related to ionizing radiation. However, there were widespread psychological reactions to the accident, which were due to fear of the radiation, not to the actual radiation doses.There is a tendency to attribute increases in the rates of all cancers over time to the Chernobyl accident, but it should be noted that increases were also observed before the accident in the affected areas. Moreover, a general increase in mortality has been reported in recent decades in most areas of the former Soviet Union, and this must be taken into account when interpreting the results of the accident-related studies.
The present understanding of the late effects of protracted exposure to ionizing radiation is limited, since the dose-response assessments rely heavily on studies of exposure to high doses and animal experiments. Studies of the Chernobyl accident exposure might shed light on the late effects of protracted exposure, but given the low doses received by the majority of exposed individuals, any increase in cancer incidence or mortality will be difficult to detect in epidemiological studies.
Conclusions
The accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986 was a tragic event for its victims, and those most affected suffered major hardship. Some of the people who dealt with the emergency lost their lives. Although those exposed as children and the emergency and recovery workers are at increased risk of radiation-induced effects, the vast majority of the population need not live in fear of serious health consequences due to the radiation from the Chernobyl accident. For the most part, they were exposed to radiation levels comparable to or a few times higher than annual levels of natural background, and future exposures continue to slowly diminish as the radionuclides decay. Lives have been seriously disrupted by the Chernobyl accident, but from the radiological point of view, generally positive prospects for the future health of most individuals should prevail.The material on this page has been prepared by the UNSCEAR secretariat based on the published UNSCEAR reports, including the latest UNSCEAR document Health effects due to radiation from the Chernobyl accident ( Annex D of 2008 UNSCEAR Report).
Last updated: Monday, 16 July 2012
Download UNSCEAR reports
Health effects due to radiation from the Chernobyl accident (2008) (pdf)Possible genetic effects from the Chernobyl accident (2001) (pdf)
Exposures and effects of the Chernobyl Accident (2000) (pdf)
Acute radiation effects (1988) (pdf)
Exposures from the Chernobyl Accident (1988) (pdf)
Key Chernobyl links
Chernobyl Forum (Summary 2006 report) (Web pages)
World Health Organization (WHO)
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
===================================================================
http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/fukushima.html
The Fukushima-Daiichi nuclear power plant accident
UNSCEAR's assessment of levels and effects of radiation exposure due to the nuclear accident after the 2011 great east-Japan earthquake and tsunami
On 11 March 2011 the Fukushima-Daiichi nuclear power plant suffered major damage from the failure of equipment after the magnitude 9.0 great east-Japan earthquake and subsequent tsunami. It was the largest civilian nuclear accident since the Chernobyl accident in 1986. Radioactive material was released from the damaged plant and tens of thousands of people were evacuated.UNSCEAR is in the process of finalizing a major study to assess the radiation doses and associated effects on health and environment. At the high-level meeting on nuclear safety and security convened in New York on 22 September 2011, the Secretary-General of the United Nations called on Member States to ensure that UNSCEAR has the necessary capacity and resources to accomplish its task. The work was also endorsed by the UN General Assembly resolution 66/70 on 9 December 2011. To date eighteen UN Member States have offered more than 80 experts to conduct the analytical work cost-free. When finalized, it will be the most comprehensive scientific analysis of the information available to date.
An interim report to the General Assembly (A/67/46) was issued in September 2012. The draft UNSCEAR Fukushima Report was discussed by the Scientific Committee at its 60th session (27-31 May 2013). The summary report that is finally adopted by the Committee will be presented to the General Assembly, and the detailed report with the scientific data and evaluation underpinning the summary will be published separately.
Among others, the assessment is addressing the following questions:
- How much radioactive material was released and what was its composition?
- How was it dispersed over land and sea, and where are the hotspots?
- How does the accident compare with those at Chernobyl (1986), Three Mile Island (1979) and the Windscale Fire (1957)?
- What are the radiation effects on the environment and on foodstuffs?
- What is the likely radiation impact on human health and the environment?
- Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Organization ( CTBTO)
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ( FAO)
- International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
- World Health Organization (WHO) and
- World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
Last updated: Monday, 2 September 2013
===================================================================
UNSCEAR document Health effects due to radiation from the Chernobyl accident ( Annex D of 2008 UNSCEAR Report).
http://www.unscear.org/docs/reports/2008/11-80076_Report_2008_Annex_D.pdf
http://www.nsr.go.jp/archive/nsc/senmon/shidai/houkokukenWG/houkokukenWG01/siryo1-2.pdf
チェルノブイルに関するUNSCEAR報告書
原子力安全委員会事務局
管理環境課
ＵＮＳＣＥＡＲ １９８８年レポート
付属書Ｄ
事故後1年間の線量及び将来の予測線量について、公衆の個人平均線量及び集団線量を提示
目次
第1章： 事故について
（原子炉、放射性核種の放出と拡散、緊急時対策）
第２章： 線量算定方法論 （1年目線量及び予測線量）
第３章： 評価データ （大気、降下量、食品、人体）
第４章： 1年目の線量推定
（甲状腺、実効線量、被ばく経路、核種、移行関係）
第５章： 線量預託
（変換関係、広域の平均線量、被ばく経路・核種の寄与）
第６章： 集団線量預託
（集団線量の推定、単位放出あたりの集団線量）
第７章： 要約
第１、３章： 評価データ
「ソースターム」： 放出量、放出の時系列、核種組成
「大気」： プルーム挙動、核種組成、空気中濃度・積分
濃度
「降下物」： 137Cs降下量、その他の核種降下量
「食品」： 食物中131I（乳製品、葉菜）、137Cs（乳製品、
葉菜、穀物、野菜・果物、肉）
「人体」： ホールボディカウンタ（137Cs体内量）、
食物中濃度から体内量を推定
「その他」： 人口、食糧消費量など
第４章：1年目の線量（国別平均）
甲状腺線量当量、実効線量当量、外部・内部被ばく
別線量、核種別線量、変換係数（降下量→線量）
第５章：線量預託（地域別平均）
137Cs降下量からの変換係数、実効線量当量預託
第６章：集団線量預託
実効線量当量預託×人口
北半球全域の集団実効線量当量預託：600,000 人・Sv
事故後1４年間の線量及び健康影響を提示
序論
第１章：事故の物理学的状況
A.事故状況
B.放射性核種の放出
1.放出量の推定（I、Te、Cs、他）
2.放出核種の物理化学的性質
C.土壌汚染
1.旧ソビエト連邦における地域（プルーム流、Cs、Sr、Pu、I)
2.その他の北及び南半球の地域（広域汚染図）
D.沈着した放射性核種の環境動態
1.陸圏
2.水圏
E.総括
第２章：被ばく集団の線量
A.作業従事者
1．緊急作業従事者（原子炉周辺の空間線量率）
2．復旧作業従事者（ガンマ線外部被ばく、生物学的線量評価、
ベータ線皮膚被ばく、内部被ばく）
B.避難住民
1．外部被ばく線量
2．内部被ばく線量
３．残余及び回避集団線量
C.旧ソビエト連邦の汚染地域における住民
1．外部被ばく線量（事故後1年間、1年後、線量分布）
2．内部被ばく線量（甲状腺線量 (I, Te)、実効線量(Cs,Sr)、肺線量(Pu, Am)）
D.近隣国の住民
1．甲状腺線量
2．骨髄線量
E.集団線量
1．外部被ばく集団線量
2．内部被ばく集団線量（甲状腺集団線量）
3．総集団線量
F.総括
第３章： 緊急作業者における初期の健康影響
（造血機能、口腔咽頭炎症、皮膚、白内障）
第４章：登録と健康モニタリングプログラム
A.被ばく者の登録とモニタリング
（チェルノブイル登録：1986年5万人、1995年40万人超
特別登録：放射線作業従事者、軍）
B.一般住民における死亡及び疾病登録
（死亡率、発がん率、
特定がん（血液学的がん、甲状腺がん、小児がん）
遺伝的障害、先天性奇形
C.登録の質及び完全性
（被ばく者集団の登録、一般集団の登録）
D.国際協力スクリーニングプログラム
（国際チェルノブイルプロジェクト、IPHECA、笹川財団プロジェクト）
E.総括
第５章：晩発影響
A.発がん
（甲状腺がん：疫学、臨床・生物学的所見
白血病：
固形がん
B.発がん以外の身体的障害
（甲状腺異常、甲状腺以外の障害、免疫学的影響）
C.妊娠における影響
D.精神的及びその他の影響
E.総括
結論
線量評価（特に低線量域）や、診断方法、調査集団の選択に
問題が残る
小児甲状腺腫の増加
（事故時に5歳以下だった乳幼児において
その増加は継続するので注視する必要がある）
事故後14年間において上記以外の健康影響（白血病を含む）は
観察されていない
放射線の遺伝的影響
３．チェルノブイル事故による放射線被ばくの遺伝的影響
(a)ダウン症候群と先天的異常
（有意な影響は無し）
(b)ヒトのミニサテライト突然変異
（チェルノブイルの小児において増加傾向が見られたが、
コントロールは英国の集団）
結論
チェルノブイル事故における遺伝的影響調査で、ダウン症候群、
先天的異常、流産、周産期死亡の増加を示す明白な証拠は無い
事故後22年間の線量及び健康影響を提示
第１章：序論（ 1988 年報告、2000年報告、WHO 報告、他）
UNSCEAR 1988 年報告：事故直後のまとめ
UNSCEAR 2000 年報告：事故14 年後のまとめ
UNSCEAR 2001 年報告：遺伝的影響のまとめ
Chernobyl Forum 2003-2005 ： 総合的なまとめ
UNSCEAR 2008 年報告：事故22年後のまとめ
公衆の被曝線量と健康影響
社会的、経済的な損失
第２章：物理・環境の視点（放出核種、挙動、対策）
放出核種の種類と放出量
第３章：被ばく集団への線量（作業者と公衆）
線量への寄与：137-Cs、131-I
放出長寿命核種の経年変化
長期的な線量への寄与：137-Cs
UNSCEAR ２００８年レポート ANNEX D
主要な集団とその線量
集団人数 甲状腺平均線量 平均実効線量
(1986) (mGy) (1986-2005) (mSv)
処理作業者 53 万人 - 117 (50 – 5,000)
避難民 11.5 万人 490 31
３カ国住民(1) 640 万人 >100 (50-5,000) 9
３カ国住民(2) 9,800 万人 16 1.3
遠距離諸国 5 億人 1.3 0.3
集団実効線量x リスク係数= 予測死者数
第４章：健康影響の放射線帰因性（attribution）
第５章：急性影響（作業者の急性影響、公衆）
線量：チェルノブイル事故では外部被曝が主体
（一部131-I による内部被ばく）
確定的影響（急性）：初期消火作業従事者
放射線火傷による皮膚障害
第６章：晩発影響（疾病の実態、理論的予測）
確定的影響（遅発）：作業者で認められる（公衆では認められない）
白内障：低レベルのは250 mSv 以上で？
皮膚障害
神経、心疾患、消化器官の疾患（認められない）
肺・気管支疾患
免疫系の疾患（自己免疫甲状腺炎）は不明
心理的影響：線量と関係なく、事故と関係あり
確率的影響： 甲状腺がん：小児被曝で4,000 人
１０歳以下の甲状腺腫発症頻度の増加
白血病：公衆及び胎児被ばくでは無い、
作業者は不明
固形癌：公衆では無い、作業者不明
第７章：結論（帰属、推定の比較、実態との比較、新発見）
事故処理作業者：
急性影響による死亡
白内障頻度の上昇、閾値は小さい
心臓脈管系リスクは明確ではない
白血病発症頻度上昇は不明
住民：
小児甲状腺腫の増加（4000 例）
上記以外の健康影響は観察されていない
===================================================================
EVACUATING: Dr. Helen Caldicott - What We Learned From Fukushima
公開日: 2012/04/05
===================================================================
UNSCEAR document Health effects due to radiation from the Chernobyl accident ( Annex D of 2008 UNSCEAR Report).
http://www.unscear.org/docs/reports/2008/11-80076_Report_2008_Annex_D.pdf
http://www.nsr.go.jp/archive/nsc/senmon/shidai/houkokukenWG/houkokukenWG01/siryo1-2.pdf
チェルノブイルに関するUNSCEAR報告書
原子力安全委員会事務局
管理環境課
ＵＮＳＣＥＡＲ １９８８年レポート
付属書Ｄ
事故後1年間の線量及び将来の予測線量について、公衆の個人平均線量及び集団線量を提示
目次
第1章： 事故について
（原子炉、放射性核種の放出と拡散、緊急時対策）
第２章： 線量算定方法論 （1年目線量及び予測線量）
第３章： 評価データ （大気、降下量、食品、人体）
第４章： 1年目の線量推定
（甲状腺、実効線量、被ばく経路、核種、移行関係）
第５章： 線量預託
（変換関係、広域の平均線量、被ばく経路・核種の寄与）
第６章： 集団線量預託
（集団線量の推定、単位放出あたりの集団線量）
第７章： 要約
第１、３章： 評価データ
「ソースターム」： 放出量、放出の時系列、核種組成
「大気」： プルーム挙動、核種組成、空気中濃度・積分
濃度
「降下物」： 137Cs降下量、その他の核種降下量
「食品」： 食物中131I（乳製品、葉菜）、137Cs（乳製品、
葉菜、穀物、野菜・果物、肉）
「人体」： ホールボディカウンタ（137Cs体内量）、
食物中濃度から体内量を推定
「その他」： 人口、食糧消費量など
第４章：1年目の線量（国別平均）
甲状腺線量当量、実効線量当量、外部・内部被ばく
別線量、核種別線量、変換係数（降下量→線量）
第５章：線量預託（地域別平均）
137Cs降下量からの変換係数、実効線量当量預託
第６章：集団線量預託
実効線量当量預託×人口
北半球全域の集団実効線量当量預託：600,000 人・Sv
事故後1４年間の線量及び健康影響を提示
序論
第１章：事故の物理学的状況
A.事故状況
B.放射性核種の放出
1.放出量の推定（I、Te、Cs、他）
2.放出核種の物理化学的性質
C.土壌汚染
1.旧ソビエト連邦における地域（プルーム流、Cs、Sr、Pu、I)
2.その他の北及び南半球の地域（広域汚染図）
D.沈着した放射性核種の環境動態
1.陸圏
2.水圏
E.総括
第２章：被ばく集団の線量
A.作業従事者
1．緊急作業従事者（原子炉周辺の空間線量率）
2．復旧作業従事者（ガンマ線外部被ばく、生物学的線量評価、
ベータ線皮膚被ばく、内部被ばく）
B.避難住民
1．外部被ばく線量
2．内部被ばく線量
３．残余及び回避集団線量
C.旧ソビエト連邦の汚染地域における住民
1．外部被ばく線量（事故後1年間、1年後、線量分布）
2．内部被ばく線量（甲状腺線量 (I, Te)、実効線量(Cs,Sr)、肺線量(Pu, Am)）
D.近隣国の住民
1．甲状腺線量
2．骨髄線量
E.集団線量
1．外部被ばく集団線量
2．内部被ばく集団線量（甲状腺集団線量）
3．総集団線量
F.総括
第３章： 緊急作業者における初期の健康影響
（造血機能、口腔咽頭炎症、皮膚、白内障）
第４章：登録と健康モニタリングプログラム
A.被ばく者の登録とモニタリング
（チェルノブイル登録：1986年5万人、1995年40万人超
特別登録：放射線作業従事者、軍）
B.一般住民における死亡及び疾病登録
（死亡率、発がん率、
特定がん（血液学的がん、甲状腺がん、小児がん）
遺伝的障害、先天性奇形
C.登録の質及び完全性
（被ばく者集団の登録、一般集団の登録）
D.国際協力スクリーニングプログラム
（国際チェルノブイルプロジェクト、IPHECA、笹川財団プロジェクト）
E.総括
第５章：晩発影響
A.発がん
（甲状腺がん：疫学、臨床・生物学的所見
白血病：
固形がん
B.発がん以外の身体的障害
（甲状腺異常、甲状腺以外の障害、免疫学的影響）
C.妊娠における影響
D.精神的及びその他の影響
E.総括
結論
線量評価（特に低線量域）や、診断方法、調査集団の選択に
問題が残る
小児甲状腺腫の増加
（事故時に5歳以下だった乳幼児において
その増加は継続するので注視する必要がある）
事故後14年間において上記以外の健康影響（白血病を含む）は
観察されていない
放射線の遺伝的影響
３．チェルノブイル事故による放射線被ばくの遺伝的影響
(a)ダウン症候群と先天的異常
（有意な影響は無し）
(b)ヒトのミニサテライト突然変異
（チェルノブイルの小児において増加傾向が見られたが、
コントロールは英国の集団）
結論
チェルノブイル事故における遺伝的影響調査で、ダウン症候群、
先天的異常、流産、周産期死亡の増加を示す明白な証拠は無い
事故後22年間の線量及び健康影響を提示
第１章：序論（ 1988 年報告、2000年報告、WHO 報告、他）
UNSCEAR 1988 年報告：事故直後のまとめ
UNSCEAR 2000 年報告：事故14 年後のまとめ
UNSCEAR 2001 年報告：遺伝的影響のまとめ
Chernobyl Forum 2003-2005 ： 総合的なまとめ
UNSCEAR 2008 年報告：事故22年後のまとめ
公衆の被曝線量と健康影響
社会的、経済的な損失
第２章：物理・環境の視点（放出核種、挙動、対策）
放出核種の種類と放出量
第３章：被ばく集団への線量（作業者と公衆）
線量への寄与：137-Cs、131-I
放出長寿命核種の経年変化
長期的な線量への寄与：137-Cs
UNSCEAR ２００８年レポート ANNEX D
主要な集団とその線量
集団人数 甲状腺平均線量 平均実効線量
(1986) (mGy) (1986-2005) (mSv)
処理作業者 53 万人 - 117 (50 – 5,000)
避難民 11.5 万人 490 31
３カ国住民(1) 640 万人 >100 (50-5,000) 9
３カ国住民(2) 9,800 万人 16 1.3
遠距離諸国 5 億人 1.3 0.3
集団実効線量x リスク係数= 予測死者数
第４章：健康影響の放射線帰因性（attribution）
第５章：急性影響（作業者の急性影響、公衆）
線量：チェルノブイル事故では外部被曝が主体
（一部131-I による内部被ばく）
確定的影響（急性）：初期消火作業従事者
放射線火傷による皮膚障害
第６章：晩発影響（疾病の実態、理論的予測）
確定的影響（遅発）：作業者で認められる（公衆では認められない）
白内障：低レベルのは250 mSv 以上で？
皮膚障害
神経、心疾患、消化器官の疾患（認められない）
肺・気管支疾患
免疫系の疾患（自己免疫甲状腺炎）は不明
心理的影響：線量と関係なく、事故と関係あり
確率的影響： 甲状腺がん：小児被曝で4,000 人
１０歳以下の甲状腺腫発症頻度の増加
白血病：公衆及び胎児被ばくでは無い、
作業者は不明
固形癌：公衆では無い、作業者不明
第７章：結論（帰属、推定の比較、実態との比較、新発見）
事故処理作業者：
急性影響による死亡
白内障頻度の上昇、閾値は小さい
心臓脈管系リスクは明確ではない
白血病発症頻度上昇は不明
住民：
小児甲状腺腫の増加（4000 例）
上記以外の健康影響は観察されていない
===================================================================
EVACUATING: Dr. Helen Caldicott - What We Learned From Fukushima
公開日: 2012/04/05
I created this video with the YouTube Video Editor (http://www.youtube.com/editor)
Source Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LP0LGl...
Note from CreativeMessage:
NOTE: I do not agree with everything in this video.
Caldicott: If Spent Fuel Pool No. 4 collapses I am evacuating my family from Boston. Few people know that the Pacific Northwest got whacked hard by fallout from the Fukushima disaster with radiation rates hundreds of thousands of times higher than normal background radiation. The damage from this is not something that the corporate media or the government is talking about. It mysteriously disappeared from the radar almost immediately. Dr. Caldicott referred to this as a process of "cover-up and psychic numbing." Looks like it may be working. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission just approved two new nuclear power plants this week (4/2/12) in South Carolina in addition to the two approved earlier this year in Georgia. Dr. Caldicott talks about the dangers and hidden costs of nuclear power then tells the awful truth in minute detail about the actual scale of the Fukushima disaster and compares it to the nuclear disasters of Chernobyl and Three Mile Island. Recent studies estimated that a million people have died so far from Chernobyl. Dr. Helen Caldicott is a physician, Nobel Peace Prize winner, noted author, anti-nuclear power advocate and has founded numerous national and international groups which oppose nuclear power & weapons, including Physicians for Social Responsibility.
See also: www.helencaldicott.com
http://archive.org/details/scm-30754-...
Fukushima/Japan
http://enenews.com/
Kyodo: Radioactive fish at 400% gov't limit found 200km inland at lake in Gunma
Tepco was concerned about high winds damaging Reactor No. 1 — Risk that cover "would spill over to the reactor building" — Only designed for winds of 56 mph
Kyodo: Storm may have halted nitrogen injections at three Fukushima reactors for hours — Tepco says no fears of hydrogen explosion
Video shows dark smoke from Fukushima Daiichi blowing over Japan on Mar. 15, 2011 after explosion at Reactor No. 3
Japan Gov't Study: Fukushima radiation reached Alaska via ocean in under a month (MAP)
- - -
FAIR USE: The provision in the copyright law that YouTube pays no attention to...
Creative Commons license: Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0)
You are free: to Share — to copy, distribute and transmit the work
Under the following conditions: Attribution — You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work).
Noncommercial — You may not use this work for commercial purposes.
No Derivative Works — You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work.
Source Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LP0LGl...
Note from CreativeMessage:
NOTE: I do not agree with everything in this video.
Caldicott: If Spent Fuel Pool No. 4 collapses I am evacuating my family from Boston. Few people know that the Pacific Northwest got whacked hard by fallout from the Fukushima disaster with radiation rates hundreds of thousands of times higher than normal background radiation. The damage from this is not something that the corporate media or the government is talking about. It mysteriously disappeared from the radar almost immediately. Dr. Caldicott referred to this as a process of "cover-up and psychic numbing." Looks like it may be working. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission just approved two new nuclear power plants this week (4/2/12) in South Carolina in addition to the two approved earlier this year in Georgia. Dr. Caldicott talks about the dangers and hidden costs of nuclear power then tells the awful truth in minute detail about the actual scale of the Fukushima disaster and compares it to the nuclear disasters of Chernobyl and Three Mile Island. Recent studies estimated that a million people have died so far from Chernobyl. Dr. Helen Caldicott is a physician, Nobel Peace Prize winner, noted author, anti-nuclear power advocate and has founded numerous national and international groups which oppose nuclear power & weapons, including Physicians for Social Responsibility.
See also: www.helencaldicott.com
http://archive.org/details/scm-30754-...
Fukushima/Japan
http://enenews.com/
Kyodo: Radioactive fish at 400% gov't limit found 200km inland at lake in Gunma
Tepco was concerned about high winds damaging Reactor No. 1 — Risk that cover "would spill over to the reactor building" — Only designed for winds of 56 mph
Kyodo: Storm may have halted nitrogen injections at three Fukushima reactors for hours — Tepco says no fears of hydrogen explosion
Video shows dark smoke from Fukushima Daiichi blowing over Japan on Mar. 15, 2011 after explosion at Reactor No. 3
Japan Gov't Study: Fukushima radiation reached Alaska via ocean in under a month (MAP)
- - -
FAIR USE: The provision in the copyright law that YouTube pays no attention to...
Creative Commons license: Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0)
You are free: to Share — to copy, distribute and transmit the work
Under the following conditions: Attribution — You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work).
Noncommercial — You may not use this work for commercial purposes.
No Derivative Works — You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work.
===================================================================
0 件のコメント:
コメントを投稿