Modern Marvels Tea
公開日: 2013/02/10
説明はありません。
2013年4月2日火曜日
Great Rift Valley ~ Africa
Great Rift Valley ~ Africa
アップロード日: 2010/08/06
The Great Rift Valley of Africa landscape. Purpose of this video is to find out the name of this song. If you know it please let me know. Thank you
カテゴリ
エンターテイメント
アップロード日: 2010/08/06
The Great Rift Valley of Africa landscape. Purpose of this video is to find out the name of this song. If you know it please let me know. Thank you
カテゴリ
エンターテイメント
Kenyan Tea
Kenyan Tea
Kenyan Tea by KenyanSandals.com
公開日: 2012/05/25
カテゴリ
教育
======================================================
Tea of Kenya
アップロード日: 2012/01/15
Charlie, Hope and Iqbal visit a tea farm and learn about how assam tea grows.
カテゴリ
教育
======================================================
Kenya's Tea
アップロード日: 2012/01/12
Tea, one of Kenya's top exports, has been hit by frost. Hundreds of thousands of acres have been affected and the damage is expected to run into millions of dollars.
======================================================
Kericho Kenya Tea Plantation by HoboTraveler.com
アップロード日: 2009/04/20
http://www.hobotraveler.com/blogger.html - Video of Tea Plantation in Kericho, Kenya located at 2025 Meters above sea leave. By Andy of HoboTraveler.com 11 years of perpetual travel.
カテゴリ
旅行とイベント
======================================================
Tea for youtube.wmv
アップロード日: 2011/03/17
Tea farming in Kericho in 2005
カテゴリ
エンターテイメント
======================================================
Tea Picking Kenya
アップロード日: 2011/04/24
Tea production in Central Province Kenya
カテゴリ
エンターテイメント
======================================================
======================================================
参考リンク：
Kenya Tea - Ketepa Pride - 100ct Tea Bags
http://www.amazon.com/Kenya-Tea-Ketepa-Pride-100ct/dp/B003MBC4MG
======================================================
Ringtons Extra Fresh Tea Bags
code:410-01-083
カテゴリ
ハウツーとスタイル
======================================================
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_production_in_Kenya
Tea production in Kenya
Tea is a major cash crop that is grown in Kenya. In Kenya tea is ranked as the third major foreign exchange earner, behind tourism and horticulture. Most tea produced in Kenya is black tea, however green tea, yellow tea, and white tea are produced on order by major tea producers.
History
Main article: History of Tea
Tea is was discovered more than 5000 years ago by an emperor Shen Nung in China.[1] Tea was first introduced in Kenya in 1903 by GWL Caine and was planted in present day Limuru. However commercialization of the tea started in 1924 and since then, Kenya can boast itself as major producer of black tea. Kenya is one of the world's top producers and exporters of tea, currently Kenya is ranked third behind China and India. Kenyan tea is also one of the top foreign exchange earners, alongside tourism, horticulture, and Kenyan coffee. The task of managing the small scale holder lies with the Kenya Tea Development Agency (KTDA). Currently the KTDA has 62 tea factories serving over 500,000 small scale farmers cultivating over 100,000 ha. Of all tea produced in Kenya, KTDA members produce over 60% while the rest is produced by large scale producers.
Further information: Kenyan tea workers strike of 2007In most ares of tea growing region, labour is usually manual. However in tea plucking machine are currently being in use by multinationals.
Cultivation
Kenya's tea growing regions endowed with ideal climate; tropical, volcanic red soils; well distributed rainfall ranging between 1200 mm to 1400mm per annum; long sunny days are some of the climatic features of the Tea growing regions. Tea is planted in an area of over 157,720 hectares, with production of about 345,817 metric tonnes of made tea. Over 325,533 metric tonnes exported.[2] Vegetative propagation of high-yielding, well-adapted clones. Over 49 varieties so far developed by the Tea Research Foundation of Kenya (TRFK). No chemicals are used. Fertilizers are regularly added to replenish soil nutrients.[3]
Main article: Tea processingDistinct, high quality Teas made from the upper two leaves and a bud. Young shoots plucked in regular cycles ranging from seven to 14 days. Tea manufactured using Cut, Tear and Curl (CTC) method to ensure maximum cuppage per unit weight. Good agronomical and manufacturing practices, making Kenya the leading producer of the best black tea in the world. Teas with medium to very fine qualities, the attributes that make Kenya Tea the most sought after beverage in the world.
Agriculture in Kenya
Coffee Industry of Kenya
Economy of KenyaKenya
Stash "History of Tea"
Slope and Peak Product
http://www.slopepeakproducts.com/tea.asp
KTDA Teas; Factory unit Management and Support Services;
Reuters Africa.20th sept 2011."Kenya tea prices slide at latest sale"
Kenya Tea development Agency
Tea Board of Kenya
Tea Research Foundation of Kenya
This page was last modified on 2 March 2013 at 23:53.
======================================================
Kenyan Tea by KenyanSandals.com
公開日: 2012/05/25
kenyan tea and the kenyan tea industry
Something close to the Kenyan people and country is tea
Tea is kenyas largest export crop and with over 50 varieties coming from seven tea growing regions, Kenya produces some of the best tea in the world. The Tea Industry in Kenya is unique in that it is comprised of two distinct sectors; the Plantation or large scale sector and the small holder sector. The plantation sector is owned by large scale tea producers and companies while the small holders sector is by small scale growers and families.
Kenya is endowed with the ideal climate for growing tea.
soils and well-distributed rainfall, That alternate with long sunny days. Tea production goes year round. Kenyan tea is commonly hand picked. and distinct and high quality Kenyan tea is made with the top two leaves and the bud.
The main tea growing areas in Kenya are situated in and around the highland areas on both sides of the Great Rift Valley
Something close to the Kenyan people and country is tea
Tea is kenyas largest export crop and with over 50 varieties coming from seven tea growing regions, Kenya produces some of the best tea in the world. The Tea Industry in Kenya is unique in that it is comprised of two distinct sectors; the Plantation or large scale sector and the small holder sector. The plantation sector is owned by large scale tea producers and companies while the small holders sector is by small scale growers and families.
Kenya is endowed with the ideal climate for growing tea.
soils and well-distributed rainfall, That alternate with long sunny days. Tea production goes year round. Kenyan tea is commonly hand picked. and distinct and high quality Kenyan tea is made with the top two leaves and the bud.
The main tea growing areas in Kenya are situated in and around the highland areas on both sides of the Great Rift Valley
カテゴリ
教育
======================================================
Tea of Kenya
アップロード日: 2012/01/15
Charlie, Hope and Iqbal visit a tea farm and learn about how assam tea grows.
カテゴリ
教育
======================================================
Kenya's Tea
アップロード日: 2012/01/12
Tea, one of Kenya's top exports, has been hit by frost. Hundreds of thousands of acres have been affected and the damage is expected to run into millions of dollars.
======================================================
Kericho Kenya Tea Plantation by HoboTraveler.com
アップロード日: 2009/04/20
http://www.hobotraveler.com/blogger.html - Video of Tea Plantation in Kericho, Kenya located at 2025 Meters above sea leave. By Andy of HoboTraveler.com 11 years of perpetual travel.
カテゴリ
旅行とイベント
======================================================
Tea for youtube.wmv
アップロード日: 2011/03/17
Tea farming in Kericho in 2005
カテゴリ
エンターテイメント
======================================================
Tea Picking Kenya
アップロード日: 2011/04/24
Tea production in Central Province Kenya
カテゴリ
エンターテイメント
======================================================
======================================================
参考リンク：
Kenya Tea - Ketepa Pride - 100ct Tea Bags
======================================================
Ringtons Extra Fresh Tea Bags
code:410-01-083
カテゴリ
ハウツーとスタイル
======================================================
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_production_in_Kenya
Tea production in Kenya
Tea is a major cash crop that is grown in Kenya. In Kenya tea is ranked as the third major foreign exchange earner, behind tourism and horticulture. Most tea produced in Kenya is black tea, however green tea, yellow tea, and white tea are produced on order by major tea producers.
History
Main article: History of Tea
Tea is was discovered more than 5000 years ago by an emperor Shen Nung in China.[1] Tea was first introduced in Kenya in 1903 by GWL Caine and was planted in present day Limuru. However commercialization of the tea started in 1924 and since then, Kenya can boast itself as major producer of black tea. Kenya is one of the world's top producers and exporters of tea, currently Kenya is ranked third behind China and India. Kenyan tea is also one of the top foreign exchange earners, alongside tourism, horticulture, and Kenyan coffee. The task of managing the small scale holder lies with the Kenya Tea Development Agency (KTDA). Currently the KTDA has 62 tea factories serving over 500,000 small scale farmers cultivating over 100,000 ha. Of all tea produced in Kenya, KTDA members produce over 60% while the rest is produced by large scale producers.
Further information: Kenyan tea workers strike of 2007In most ares of tea growing region, labour is usually manual. However in tea plucking machine are currently being in use by multinationals.
Cultivation
Kenya's tea growing regions endowed with ideal climate; tropical, volcanic red soils; well distributed rainfall ranging between 1200 mm to 1400mm per annum; long sunny days are some of the climatic features of the Tea growing regions. Tea is planted in an area of over 157,720 hectares, with production of about 345,817 metric tonnes of made tea. Over 325,533 metric tonnes exported.[2] Vegetative propagation of high-yielding, well-adapted clones. Over 49 varieties so far developed by the Tea Research Foundation of Kenya (TRFK). No chemicals are used. Fertilizers are regularly added to replenish soil nutrients.[3]
Main article: Tea processingDistinct, high quality Teas made from the upper two leaves and a bud. Young shoots plucked in regular cycles ranging from seven to 14 days. Tea manufactured using Cut, Tear and Curl (CTC) method to ensure maximum cuppage per unit weight. Good agronomical and manufacturing practices, making Kenya the leading producer of the best black tea in the world. Teas with medium to very fine qualities, the attributes that make Kenya Tea the most sought after beverage in the world.
Agriculture in Kenya
Coffee Industry of Kenya
Economy of KenyaKenya
Stash "History of Tea"
Slope and Peak Product
http://www.slopepeakproducts.com/tea.asp
KTDA Teas; Factory unit Management and Support Services;
Reuters Africa.20th sept 2011."Kenya tea prices slide at latest sale"
Kenya Tea development Agency
Tea Board of Kenya
Tea Research Foundation of Kenya
This page was last modified on 2 March 2013 at 23:53.
======================================================
Kenya Flower Council
Kenya Flower Council
アップロード日: 2010/09/05
The Kenya Flower Council needed a short promo which explained what they were all about. In collaboration with the KFC I wrote a script, then most of the shoot was accomplished in four days. Script, camera, edit, music: David Nicholas. Camera: DVCAM - Edit: Adobe Premiere - Music creation: ACID Music.
アップロード日: 2010/09/05
The Kenya Flower Council needed a short promo which explained what they were all about. In collaboration with the KFC I wrote a script, then most of the shoot was accomplished in four days. Script, camera, edit, music: David Nicholas. Camera: DVCAM - Edit: Adobe Premiere - Music creation: ACID Music.
Public infrastructure in kenya
Public infrastructure in kenya
Kenya signs deal for largest African geothermal project
アップロード日: 2011/11/07
カテゴリ
ニュースと政治
==========================================================
Roads and Infrastructure Development in Kenya
アップロード日: 2011/09/21
カテゴリ
ニュースと政治
==========================================================
Radical Transformation in Kenyan Infrastructure
公開日: 2012/03/15
カテゴリ
ニュースと政治
==========================================================
Transforming Nairobi into a Smart City
開日: 2012/03/15
ニュースと政治
==========================================================
==========================================================
Kenya turns to geothermal energy
公開日: 2012/06/22
カテゴリ
ニュースと政治
==========================================================
Kenya Moves Full-Steam Ahead on Geothermal Production
アップロード日: 2011/11/23
Kenya is expanding plans to become one of the world's top geothermal power producers with the start of explorations at a site called Menengai. The government is also aiming to make geothermal Kenya's main power source. Cathy Majtenyi reports from Menengai.
カテゴリ
ニュースと政治
==========================================================
Geothermal Kenya
公開日: 2012/09/05
Geothermal Kenya
カテゴリ
科学と技術
==========================================================
Geothermal: Ormat Technologies Energizing Kenya
アップロード日: 2011/06/30
カテゴリ
非営利団体と社会活動
==========================================================
==========================================================
Kenya seeks help from World Bank to fund PPP project
Kbc Kenya·
公開日: 2012/04/12
The Government has sought financial support from the World Bank to develop an Infrastructure Finance and Public Partnership Project estimated to cost 130 million dollars.
The project gears towards helping the government enhance targeted infrastructure services and quality by mobilizing private sector participation through the Public Private Partnership model.
The government has been undertaking various projects to improve infrastructure and delivery of services.
estimated to cost 130 million dollars.
The project gears towards helping the government enhance targeted infrastructure services and quality by mobilizing private sector participation through the Public Private Partnership model.
The government has been undertaking various projects to improve infrastructure and delivery of services.
カテゴリ
非営利団体と社会活動
==========================================================
Kenya's public service wages in dire need of adjustments
公開日: 2013/01/16
==========================================================
==========================================================
Forest conservation in Kenya | Global Ideas
アップロード日: 2011/11/24
The Kasigau Corridor located between Kenya's Tsavo East and Tsavo West National Parks functions as a critical wildlife corridor. Ten years ago, the Tsavo was devastated by poaching and drought. The conservation agency Wildlife Works set about restoring it to health, planting trees and showing the local population the importance of sustainable environment protection. Today, the park is once again home to a thriving elephant population. Wildlife Works also raises awareness of climate change. Over the next 30 years, the Tsavo's revitalized forests are expected to store one million tons of carbon dioxide a year.
カテゴリ
ニュースと政治
==========================================================
Excellent - Sand Dams in Kenya
アップロード日: 2009/07/16
カテゴリ
非営利団体と社会活動
Kenya signs deal for largest African geothermal project
アップロード日: 2011/11/07
http://www.ntv.co.ke
Kenya will play host to the single largest geothermal power project in Africa, a 280 megawatt geothermal project consisting of expansions by 140 megawatts each for Olkaria One and Olkaria Four power plants.This follows the signing of a 1.3 billion US dollar deal between KENGEN and Japanese and South Korean firms towards the expansion of the two power plants.Construction is expected to end in 2014 with Japan's Toyota Tsusho Corporation and South Korea's Hyundai Engineering and Construction forming the consortium that is expected to make the project a reality.
Kenya will play host to the single largest geothermal power project in Africa, a 280 megawatt geothermal project consisting of expansions by 140 megawatts each for Olkaria One and Olkaria Four power plants.This follows the signing of a 1.3 billion US dollar deal between KENGEN and Japanese and South Korean firms towards the expansion of the two power plants.Construction is expected to end in 2014 with Japan's Toyota Tsusho Corporation and South Korea's Hyundai Engineering and Construction forming the consortium that is expected to make the project a reality.
カテゴリ
ニュースと政治
==========================================================
Roads and Infrastructure Development in Kenya
アップロード日: 2011/09/21
(www.abndigital.com)
Nairobi has one of the worst traffic congestion problems on the continent. ABN's Alishia Seckam caught up with Mwangi Matu, Chairman of the Road Infrastructure Board at Kenya's Private Sector Alliance.
Nairobi has one of the worst traffic congestion problems on the continent. ABN's Alishia Seckam caught up with Mwangi Matu, Chairman of the Road Infrastructure Board at Kenya's Private Sector Alliance.
ニュースと政治
==========================================================
Radical Transformation in Kenyan Infrastructure
公開日: 2012/03/15
(www.abndigital.com)
Infrastructure is one of the crucial factors that enable a thriving economy, especially in the developing world. Kenya's infrastructure is undergoing a radical transformation. Key in this process is the upgrading of the road networks. This week in Eye on Kenya we look at the 27 billion shilling development of a superhighway in the city of Nairobi and what this will mean for the country. ABN's Loise Wachira compiled this report.
Infrastructure is one of the crucial factors that enable a thriving economy, especially in the developing world. Kenya's infrastructure is undergoing a radical transformation. Key in this process is the upgrading of the road networks. This week in Eye on Kenya we look at the 27 billion shilling development of a superhighway in the city of Nairobi and what this will mean for the country. ABN's Loise Wachira compiled this report.
ニュースと政治
==========================================================
Transforming Nairobi into a Smart City
開日: 2012/03/15
(www.abndigital.com)
Today's cities are coming under increasing pressure to transform to more reliable place to live, work and do business. ABN's Ken Karuri looks at the latest developments in transforming Nairobi into a smart city.
カテゴリ Today's cities are coming under increasing pressure to transform to more reliable place to live, work and do business. ABN's Ken Karuri looks at the latest developments in transforming Nairobi into a smart city.
ニュースと政治
==========================================================
==========================================================
Kenya turns to geothermal energy
公開日: 2012/06/22
The FT's east Africa corrrespondent Katrina Manson films and reports from the Great Rift Valley on Kenya's latest plans to exploit geothermal energy to produce electricity.
For more FT video content, visit the Financial Times video page at: http://www.ft.com/video
http://www.FT.com/
For more FT video content, visit the Financial Times video page at: http://www.ft.com/video
http://www.FT.com/
カテゴリ
ニュースと政治
==========================================================
Kenya Moves Full-Steam Ahead on Geothermal Production
アップロード日: 2011/11/23
Kenya is expanding plans to become one of the world's top geothermal power producers with the start of explorations at a site called Menengai. The government is also aiming to make geothermal Kenya's main power source. Cathy Majtenyi reports from Menengai.
カテゴリ
ニュースと政治
==========================================================
Geothermal Kenya
公開日: 2012/09/05
Geothermal Kenya
カテゴリ
科学と技術
==========================================================
Geothermal: Ormat Technologies Energizing Kenya
アップロード日: 2011/06/30
Geothermal energy maybe an answer to Africa's energy needs. Jeff Barbee travels to Hells Gate National Park in Kenya to explore this rapidly advancing energy source. Cast against a backdrop of zebra and giraffes, US based Ormat technologies is revolutionizing Kenya's energy future and the local job market. Watch more Earth Focus at http://www.linktv.org/earthfocus
非営利団体と社会活動
==========================================================
==========================================================
Kenya seeks help from World Bank to fund PPP project
Kbc Kenya·公開日: 2012/04/12
The Government has sought financial support from the World Bank to develop an Infrastructure Finance and Public Partnership Project estimated to cost 130 million dollars.
The project gears towards helping the government enhance targeted infrastructure services and quality by mobilizing private sector participation through the Public Private Partnership model.
The government has been undertaking various projects to improve infrastructure and delivery of services.
estimated to cost 130 million dollars.
The project gears towards helping the government enhance targeted infrastructure services and quality by mobilizing private sector participation through the Public Private Partnership model.
The government has been undertaking various projects to improve infrastructure and delivery of services.
カテゴリ
非営利団体と社会活動
==========================================================
Kenya's public service wages in dire need of adjustments
公開日: 2013/01/16
http://www.ntv.co.ke
That the Public Service Wage bill going into the devolved structure of government is unsustainable is a fact that none other than the Finance Minister Robinson Githae has stated previously. But over and above the need to reduce the public work force is a another crucial need of rationalizing the pay in public service. And as Alex Mwangi reports, public financial oversight authorities will be required to carry out their duties with greater keenness if public funds are not to be misused at the county level.
That the Public Service Wage bill going into the devolved structure of government is unsustainable is a fact that none other than the Finance Minister Robinson Githae has stated previously. But over and above the need to reduce the public work force is a another crucial need of rationalizing the pay in public service. And as Alex Mwangi reports, public financial oversight authorities will be required to carry out their duties with greater keenness if public funds are not to be misused at the county level.
==========================================================
==========================================================
Forest conservation in Kenya | Global Ideas
アップロード日: 2011/11/24
The Kasigau Corridor located between Kenya's Tsavo East and Tsavo West National Parks functions as a critical wildlife corridor. Ten years ago, the Tsavo was devastated by poaching and drought. The conservation agency Wildlife Works set about restoring it to health, planting trees and showing the local population the importance of sustainable environment protection. Today, the park is once again home to a thriving elephant population. Wildlife Works also raises awareness of climate change. Over the next 30 years, the Tsavo's revitalized forests are expected to store one million tons of carbon dioxide a year.
カテゴリ
ニュースと政治
==========================================================
Excellent - Sand Dams in Kenya
アップロード日: 2009/07/16
Excellent works with community self-help groups in semi-arid Africa to improve their environment sustainably. Effective soil and water conservation enable improved water supply, food security, health and incomes. Find out more about Sand Dams here: http://www.excellentdevelopment.com/a...
Sand dams are a key technology to improve water supply in semi-arid regions. A sand dam is a reinforced concrete wall built across seasonal river beds - 2 to 4 metres high and up to 90 metres across. Over one to three seasons, the dam fills up with water, then sand, which filters water clean and protects it from evaporation and parasites. About 40% of the volume behind the dam is water, meaning that sand dams can hold an incredible 2 to 10 million litres of water!
Sand dams are combined with land terracing and tree planting to improve the conservation of both soil and water, enabling farmers to grow more food on their land. This holistic approach to development creates a positive cycle of improvement which allows people to change their lives sustainably, moving away from a situation where water and food are in short supply, towards water and food security.
Sand dams are a key technology to improve water supply in semi-arid regions. A sand dam is a reinforced concrete wall built across seasonal river beds - 2 to 4 metres high and up to 90 metres across. Over one to three seasons, the dam fills up with water, then sand, which filters water clean and protects it from evaporation and parasites. About 40% of the volume behind the dam is water, meaning that sand dams can hold an incredible 2 to 10 million litres of water!
Sand dams are combined with land terracing and tree planting to improve the conservation of both soil and water, enabling farmers to grow more food on their land. This holistic approach to development creates a positive cycle of improvement which allows people to change their lives sustainably, moving away from a situation where water and food are in short supply, towards water and food security.
カテゴリ
非営利団体と社会活動
Obama talks Palestine with Israeli students
President Obama Speaks at an Arrival Ceremony in Israel
公開日: 2013/03/20
President Obama delivers remarks at a ceremony marking his arrival in Israel. March 20, 2013.
カテゴリ
ニュースと政治
============================================================
President Obama Speaks to the People of Israel
公開日: 2013/03/21
President Obama deliver remarks to the Israeli people at the Jerusalem International Convention Center. March 21, 2013.
カテゴリ
ニュースと政治
============================================================
End Times Watch: Obama's Speech To Israeli Students
公開日: 2013/03/21
Obama's Speech To Israeli Students during his March, 2013 visit to Israel.
カテゴリ
ニュースと政治
============================================================
Obama talks Palestine with Israeli students
公開日: 2013/03/21
US President Barack Obama addressed Israeli students on the plight of Palestinians, and reaffirmed his unwavering support of Israel during his first official visit.
"Neither occupation nor expulsion is the answer," he told students on Thursday.
Ramping up the charm offensive, he said: "Israel has the unshakable support of the most powerful country in the world."
Al Jazeera's Patty Culhane reports from Jerusalem.
カテゴリ
ニュースと政治
============================================================
Prez. Obama Makes History In Israel-Pt 1 of 2
公開日: 2013/03/22
The Last Word | March 21, 2013
Pres. Obama makes history in Israel
President Obama delivered the most important speech ever by an American president in Israel, calling on the Israeli people to embrace the possibility of peace and to understand the injustices suffered by the Palestinian people. MSNBC's Lawrence O'Donnell discusses with MSNBC's Alex Wagner and The Washington Post's E.J. Dionne.
カテゴリ
ニュースと政治
============================================================
Prez. Obama Makes History In Israel-Pt 2 of 2
公開日: 2013/03/22
The Last Word | March 21, 2013
Pres. Obama makes history in Israel
President Obama delivered the most important speech ever by an American president in Israel, calling on the Israeli people to embrace the possibility of peace and to understand the injustices suffered by the Palestinian people. MSNBC's Lawrence O'Donnell discusses with MSNBC's Alex Wagner and The Washington Post's E.J. Dionne.
============================================================
2013年4月1日月曜日
Uganda's Bujagali Hydropower
Uganda's Bujagali Hydropower
アップロード日: 2008/02/20
The World Bank is working with Uganda to develop projects that support the country's energy sector and that address its energy crisis in the short- and long run. The Bujagali Hydropower project is part of Uganda's renewable energy solution ...
カテゴリ
非営利団体と社会活動
===============================================================
Aga Khan 4 Inaugurates $900 million Bujagali Hydropower Plant
公開日: 2012/10/28
説明はありません。
===============================================================
Bujagali Falls(Jinja, Uganda)
アップロード日: 2007/09/05
Bujagali Falls in Nile River, Jinja(Uganda)
カテゴリ
旅行とイベント
===============================================================
Walking the Rwenzori mountains, Uganda
アップロード日: 2007/04/15
www.mitandi.com: Climbing the Rwenzori Mountains in Uganda. Welcome to Mitandi!
カテゴリ
旅行とイベント
===============================================================
UGANDA: Safari, Mountains, Fishing, rafting, Gorillas - www.mitandi.com
アップロード日: 2008/10/07
UGANDA: Mitandi in the Rwenzori Mountains - http://mitandi.com/
カテゴリ
エンターテイメント
===============================================================
アップロード日: 2008/02/20
The World Bank is working with Uganda to develop projects that support the country's energy sector and that address its energy crisis in the short- and long run. The Bujagali Hydropower project is part of Uganda's renewable energy solution ...
カテゴリ
非営利団体と社会活動
===============================================================
Aga Khan 4 Inaugurates $900 million Bujagali Hydropower Plant
公開日: 2012/10/28
説明はありません。
===============================================================
Bujagali Falls(Jinja, Uganda)
アップロード日: 2007/09/05
Bujagali Falls in Nile River, Jinja(Uganda)
カテゴリ
旅行とイベント
===============================================================
Walking the Rwenzori mountains, Uganda
アップロード日: 2007/04/15
www.mitandi.com: Climbing the Rwenzori Mountains in Uganda. Welcome to Mitandi!
カテゴリ
旅行とイベント
===============================================================
UGANDA: Safari, Mountains, Fishing, rafting, Gorillas - www.mitandi.com
アップロード日: 2008/10/07
UGANDA: Mitandi in the Rwenzori Mountains - http://mitandi.com/
カテゴリ
エンターテイメント
===============================================================
Lake Victoria. Water for Life, the urban challenge
Lake Victoria. Water for Life, the urban challenge
.
アップロード日: 2012/01/30
カテゴリ
非営利団体と社会活動
===============================================================
Troubled Waters: The Coming Calamity on Lake Victoria
アップロード日: 2008/07/05
Lake Victoria, the world's largest tropical lake is receding at an alarming rate, raising concerns that the lake may be destroyed entirely within twenty years. Climbing temperatures, hydroelectric projects and millions of poor fisherman all play a role in the environmental crisis that is threatening to add Lake Victoria to the growing list of the world's dying lakes.
カテゴリ
ニュースと政治
===============================================================
Joint efforts for sustainable development in Lake Victoria region
公開日: 2013/02/04
Brief documentary on challenges the East African Community and Sida are collaboratively working to resolve in the Lake Victoria region.
カテゴリ
科学と技術
===============================================================
===============================================================
http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E6%B9%96
ヴィクトリア湖（ヴィクトリアこ、英語: Lake Victoria）は、ケニア、ウガンダ、タンザニアに囲まれたアフリカ最大（68,800 km2）の湖である。半スワヒリ語ではヴィクトリア・ニャンザ (Victoria Nyanza)とも呼ばれ、タンザニアではウケレウェ (Ukerewe)、ウガンダではナルバーレ (Nalubaale)として知られていた。
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Victoria
Lake Victoria
Lake Victoria (Nam Lolwe in Luo; Victoria Nyanza in Bantu[1] ) is one of the African Great Lakes. The lake was named after Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom, by John Hanning Speke, the first European to discover this lake.
With a surface area of 68,800 square kilometres (26,600 sq mi), Lake Victoria is Africa’s largest lake by area, and it is the largest tropical lake in the world. Lake Victoria is the world's 2nd largest freshwater lake by surface area; only Lake Superior in North America is larger. In terms of its volume, Lake Victoria is the world's ninth largest continental lake, and it contains about 2,750 cubic kilometers (2.2 billion acre-feet) of water.
Lake Victoria receives its water primarily from direct precipitation and thousands of small streams. The largest stream flowing into this lake is the Kagera River, the mouth of which lies on the lake's western shore. Two rivers leave the lake, the White Nile (known as the "Victoria Nile" as it leaves the lake), flows out at Jinja, Uganda on the lake's north shore, and the Katonga River flows out at Lukaya on the western shore connecting the lake to Lake George.[2]
Lake Victoria occupies a shallow depression in Africa and has a maximum depth of 84 m (276 ft) and an average depth of 40 m (130 ft).[3] Its catchment area covers 184,000 square kilometers (71,040 sq mi). The lake has a shoreline of 4,828 km (3,000 mi), with islands constituting 3.7% of this length,[4] and is divided among three countries: Kenya (6% or 4,100 km2/1,600 sq mi), Uganda (45% or 31,000 km2/12,000 sq mi) and Tanzania (49% or 33,700 km2/13,000 sq mi).[5]
Geology
Lake Victoria has, during its geological history, gone through changes ranging from its present shallow depression, through to what may have been a series of much smaller lakes.[4] Geological cores taken from its bottom show Lake Victoria has dried up completely at least three times since it formed.[6] These drying cycles are probably related to past ice ages, which were times when precipitation declined globally.[6] Lake Victoria last dried out 17,300 years ago, and it refilled beginning about 14,700 years ago. Geologically, Lake Victoria is relatively young – about 400,000 years old – and it formed when westward-flowing rivers were dammed by an upthrown crustal block.[6]
The shallowness of Lake Victoria, its limited river inflow, and its large surface area compared to its volume make it vulnerable to the effects of climate changes.
Hydrology and limnology
Lake Victoria receives almost all (80%) of its water from direct precipitation.[4] Average evaporation on the lake is between 2.0 and 2.2 metres (6.6 and 7.2 ft) per year, almost double the precipitation of riparian areas.[9] In the Kenya Sector, the main influent rivers are the Sio, Nzoia, Yala, Nyando, Sondu Miriu, Mogusi and the Migori. Combined, these rivers contribute far more water to the lake than does the largest single inflowing river, the Kagera, which enters the lake from the west.[10] The lake outflows into the White Nile and the Katonga River, both part of the upper Nile river system.
The lake exhibits eutrophic conditions. In 1990–1991, oxygen concentrations in the mixed layer were higher than in 1960–1961, with nearly continuous oxygen supersaturation in surface waters. Oxygen concentrations in hypolimnetic waters (i.e. the layer of water that lies below the thermocline, is noncirculating, and remains perpetually cold) were lower in 1990–1991 for a longer period than in 1960–1961, with values of less than 1 mg per litre (< 0.4 gr/cu ft) occurring in water as shallow as 40 metres (130 ft) compared with a shallowest occurrence of greater than 50 metres (160 ft) in 1961. The changes in oxygenation are considered consistent with measurements of higher algal biomass and productivity.[11] These changes have arisen for multiple reasons: successive burning within its basin,[12] soot and ash from which has been deposited over the lake's wide area; from increased nutrient inflows via rivers,[13] and from increased pollution associated with settlement along its shores.
The extinction of cichlids in the genus Haplochromis has also been blamed on the lake's eutrophication. The fertility of tropical waters depends on the rate at which nutrients can be brought into solution. The influent rivers of Lake Victoria provide few nutrients to the lake in relation to its size. Because of this, most of Lake Victoria's nutrients are thought to be locked up in lake-bottom deposits.[4][14] By itself, this vegetative matter decays slowly. Animal flesh decays considerably faster, however, so the fertility of the lake is dependent on the rate at which these nutrients can be taken up by fish and other organisms.[14] There is little doubt that Haplochromis played an important role in returning detritus and plankton back into solution.[15][16][17] With some 80% of Haplochromis species feeding off detritus, and equally capable of feeding off one another, they represented a tight, internal recycling system, moving nutrients and biomass both vertically and horizontally through the water column, and even out of the lake via predation by humans and terrestrial animals and humans.[15] The removal of Haplochromis, however, may have contributed to the increasing frequency of algal blooms,[13][16][17] which may in turn be responsible for mass fish kills.[13]
This page was last modified on 27 March 2013 at 10:39.
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The AquaFish Kenya Baitfish Project
アップロード日: 2011/02/28
カテゴリ
科学と技術
===============================================================
Kenyan Foodie
アップロード日: 2011/01/05
Food eaten during my visit home in July 2010 from Kakamega to Mombasa and a few places in between
カテゴリ
旅行とイベント
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Nairobi, Kenya: Things To Do and Street Food (Travel Video)
アップロード日: 2011/01/16
カテゴリ
旅行とイベント
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Deadly Catch: Lake Victoria's AIDS crisis - Part 1
アップロード日: 2007/03/16
More than 20 years since the discovery of the AIDS virus, and despite huge advances in the prevention and treatment of the disease, AIDS is still decimating communities across Africa. This is the story of one such community.
カテゴリ
非営利団体と社会活動
=======================
Deadly Catch: Lake Victoria's AIDS crisis - Part 2
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http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E5%A4%A9%E6%80%A7%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E4%B8%8D%E5%85%A8%E7%97%87%E5%80%99%E7%BE%A4
以下抜粋：
後天性免疫不全症候群
後天性免疫不全症候群（こうてんせいめんえきふぜんしょうこうぐん、Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome; AIDS）は、ヒト免疫不全ウイルス（HIV）が免疫細胞に感染し、免疫細胞を破壊して後天的に免疫不全を起こす免疫不全症のことである。一般にエイズ（AIDS）の略称で知られている。性行為感染症の一つ。
HIVに感染した時点ではAIDSの発症とは言えないが、ここではHIV感染症全般の事柄についても記述する。ウイルスとしてのHIVについてはHIVを参照。
歴史
詳細は「ヒト免疫不全ウイルス」を参照
HIVの起源はカメルーンのチンパンジーという説が有力であり[1] 、そこから人に感染して世界中に広まっていったと考えられている。1981年にアメリカのロサンゼルスに住む同性愛男性（ゲイ）に初めて発見され症例報告された。ただし、これはエイズと正式に認定できる初めての例で、疑わしき症例は1950年代から報告されており、「やせ病」（slimming disease）という疾患群が中部アフリカ各地で報告されていた。1981年の症例報告後、わずか10年程度で感染者は世界中に100万人にまで広がっていった。
当初、アメリカでエイズが広がり始めたころ、原因不明の死の病に対する恐怖感に加えて、感染者にゲイや麻薬の常習者が多かったことから感染者に対して社会的な偏見が持たれたことがあった。現在は病原体としてHIVが同定され、異性間性行為による感染や出産時の母子感染も起こり得ることが知られるようになり、広く一般的な問題として受け止められている[2]。
世界
現在全世界でのヒト免疫不全ウイルス（HIV）感染者は5千万人に達すると言われている。その拡大のほとんどがアジア、アフリカ地域の開発途上国において見られる。サハラ以南のアフリカには全世界の60%近くのエイズ患者がいるといわれ[1]、増加傾向にある。また一部の開発途上国では上昇していた平均寿命が低下しているという現状がある。近年では中国、インド、インドネシアにおいて急速に感染の拡大が生じて社会問題化している。
アフリカ
AIDSが最も猛威を振るっている地域はサハラ以南のアフリカ、いわゆるブラックアフリカである。2002年末においては全世界4200万人の患者のうち、アフリカが2940万人（70%）を占め、圧倒的に多い。同年のAIDS新規感染者は全世界で500万人、うちアフリカが350万人。同年のエイズ死亡者は全世界で310万人で、うちアフリカは240万人、77.4%を占めている[3]。このうち中東圏に属する北アフリカではAIDS患者がほとんどいないため、この数値のほとんどはブラックアフリカにおける数値である。その中でももっとも被害の激しいのは南部アフリカであり、上図にもあるように南アフリカ、ナミビア、ボツワナ、スワジランド、レソト、ジンバブエ、ザンビアの7か国においては人口の15%以上が感染している。最も人口に対する感染率が高いのはボツワナであり、2001年末においては成人人口の38.8%がエイズに感染している。この影響により、上図のように南部アフリカ諸国においては1990年代以降AIDSによる死者の急増によって平均寿命が急速に落ち込み、ボツワナにおいては20歳以上平均寿命が短縮してしまった。
1986年にはウガンダが感染率5%を超えていたものの、それ以外に感染率5%を超えるような国はなかった。しかし1991年にはウガンダ、ザンビア、ジンバブエで感染率が20%を超え、1996年にはボツワナ、スワジランド、レソトで20%を超え、2001年には上記の状況となったように、感染は急速に拡大していった。
アフリカにおける感染拡大は、他地域と異なり異性間の性行為によるものが圧倒的に多い。これは性的な寛容さや女性の地位の低さなどによると考えられている[4]。また、AIDSに対する知識の低さや迷信、貧困や戦争による影響も感染拡大の一因とされている。現在では治療薬によって病状を食い止めることは可能になっているものの、アフリカの多くの国においては貧困のためそれらの治療薬を入手することができない患者が多い。AIDSによる死者は働き盛りの男女が多いため、死亡率が急速に上昇した国々においては労働人口の減少を招き、経済に悪影響を招いている。一方で、ウガンダのように政府によるプログラムが功を奏し感染率の減少した国[5]や、ボツワナのように患者に対するケアの体制を整えられた国も存在する[6]。
感染経路
HIVは通常の環境では非常に弱いウイルスであり、一般に普通の社会生活をしている分には感染者と暮らしたとしてもまず感染することはない。
一般に感染源となりうるだけのウイルスの濃度をもっている体液は血液・精液・膣分泌液・母乳が挙げられる。一般に感染しやすい部位としては粘膜（腸粘膜、膣粘膜など）、切創（せっそう）や刺創（しそう）などの血管に達するような深い傷などがあり、通常の傷のない皮膚からは侵入することはない。そのため、主な感染経路は以下の3つに限られている。
性的感染
性交による感染では、性分泌液に接触することが最大の原因である。通常の性交では、女性は精液が膣粘膜に直接接触し血液中にHIVが侵入することで感染する。男性は性交によって亀頭に目に見えない細かい傷ができ、そこに膣分泌液が直接接触し血液中にHIVが侵入する事で感染する。そのため、性交でなくても性器同士を擦り合わせるような行為でもHIV感染が起こる恐れがある。また肛門性交では腸粘膜に精液が接触しそこから感染するとされている。腸の粘膜は一層であるため薄く、HIVが侵入しやすいため、膣性交よりも感染リスクが高い。 コンドームの着用がHIVの性的感染の予防措置として有効である。ただし使用中に破れたり、劣化した物を気付かずに使用する場合があるため、完全に感染を防ぐことができるとはいえない。コンドームの使用に際しては、信頼できる製品を使用期限内に正しい用法で用いることが推奨される。 また割礼によって感染リスクが低減するという研究結果が複数ある。傷つきやすく、免疫関連細胞の多い包皮を切除することで、HIVの侵入・感染が抑えられるためだと考えられている。 なお口腔で性器を愛撫する場合も、口腔内に歯磨きなどで微小な傷が生じていることが多く、そこに性液が接触することで、血液中にウイルスが侵入する恐れがある。
血液感染
感染者の血液が、傷、輸血、麻薬まわし打ち等によって、血液中に侵入することで感染が成立する。特に麻薬・覚醒剤中毒者間の注射器・注射針の使い回しは感染率が際立って高い。以前は輸血や血液製剤からの感染があったが、現在では全ての血液が事前にHIV感染の有無を検査され、感染のリスクは非常に低くなっている。医療現場においては、針刺し事故等の医療事故による感染が懸念され、十分な注意が必要である。
母子感染
母子感染の経路としては三つの経路がある。出産時の産道感染、母乳の授乳による感染、妊娠中に胎児が感染する経路である。 産道感染は子供が産まれてくる際、産道出血による血液を子供が浴びることで起こる。感染を避ける方法として、帝王切開を行い母親の血液を付着させない方法があり、効果を上げている。母乳による感染が報告されており、HIVに感染した母親の母乳を与えることは危険とされている。この場合は子供に粉ミルクを与えることによって、感染を回避することができる。胎内感染は、胎盤を通じ子宮内で子供がHIVに感染することで起こる。物理的な遮断ができないため、感染を回避することが難しい。感染を避ける方法として、妊娠中に母親がHAART療法により血中のウイルス量を下げ、子供に感染する確率を減らす方法がとられている。
最終更新 2013年3月8日 (金) 19:28
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アップロード日: 2012/01/30
Worldwide, a staggering 90% of wastewater in developing countries is discharged untreated, polluting de world's rivers, lakes and seas. The impacts of bad sanitation on human and ecosystem health in the Lake Victoria region are shown in this video together with concerted actions implemented in Kampala, Uganda, to reverse these conditions.
非営利団体と社会活動
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Troubled Waters: The Coming Calamity on Lake Victoria
アップロード日: 2008/07/05
Lake Victoria, the world's largest tropical lake is receding at an alarming rate, raising concerns that the lake may be destroyed entirely within twenty years. Climbing temperatures, hydroelectric projects and millions of poor fisherman all play a role in the environmental crisis that is threatening to add Lake Victoria to the growing list of the world's dying lakes.
カテゴリ
ニュースと政治
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Joint efforts for sustainable development in Lake Victoria region
公開日: 2013/02/04
Brief documentary on challenges the East African Community and Sida are collaboratively working to resolve in the Lake Victoria region.
カテゴリ
科学と技術
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http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E6%B9%96
ヴィクトリア湖（ヴィクトリアこ、英語: Lake Victoria）は、ケニア、ウガンダ、タンザニアに囲まれたアフリカ最大（68,800 km2）の湖である。半スワヒリ語ではヴィクトリア・ニャンザ (Victoria Nyanza)とも呼ばれ、タンザニアではウケレウェ (Ukerewe)、ウガンダではナルバーレ (Nalubaale)として知られていた。
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Victoria
Lake Victoria
Lake Victoria (Nam Lolwe in Luo; Victoria Nyanza in Bantu[1] ) is one of the African Great Lakes. The lake was named after Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom, by John Hanning Speke, the first European to discover this lake.
With a surface area of 68,800 square kilometres (26,600 sq mi), Lake Victoria is Africa’s largest lake by area, and it is the largest tropical lake in the world. Lake Victoria is the world's 2nd largest freshwater lake by surface area; only Lake Superior in North America is larger. In terms of its volume, Lake Victoria is the world's ninth largest continental lake, and it contains about 2,750 cubic kilometers (2.2 billion acre-feet) of water.
Lake Victoria receives its water primarily from direct precipitation and thousands of small streams. The largest stream flowing into this lake is the Kagera River, the mouth of which lies on the lake's western shore. Two rivers leave the lake, the White Nile (known as the "Victoria Nile" as it leaves the lake), flows out at Jinja, Uganda on the lake's north shore, and the Katonga River flows out at Lukaya on the western shore connecting the lake to Lake George.[2]
Lake Victoria occupies a shallow depression in Africa and has a maximum depth of 84 m (276 ft) and an average depth of 40 m (130 ft).[3] Its catchment area covers 184,000 square kilometers (71,040 sq mi). The lake has a shoreline of 4,828 km (3,000 mi), with islands constituting 3.7% of this length,[4] and is divided among three countries: Kenya (6% or 4,100 km2/1,600 sq mi), Uganda (45% or 31,000 km2/12,000 sq mi) and Tanzania (49% or 33,700 km2/13,000 sq mi).[5]
Geology
Lake Victoria has, during its geological history, gone through changes ranging from its present shallow depression, through to what may have been a series of much smaller lakes.[4] Geological cores taken from its bottom show Lake Victoria has dried up completely at least three times since it formed.[6] These drying cycles are probably related to past ice ages, which were times when precipitation declined globally.[6] Lake Victoria last dried out 17,300 years ago, and it refilled beginning about 14,700 years ago. Geologically, Lake Victoria is relatively young – about 400,000 years old – and it formed when westward-flowing rivers were dammed by an upthrown crustal block.[6]
This geological history probably contributed to the dramatic cichlid speciation that characterises its ecology, as well as that of other African Great Lakes,[7] although some researchers dispute this, arguing while Lake Victoria was at its lowest between 18,000 and 14,000 years ago, and it dried out at least once during that time, there is no evidence of remnant ponds or marshes persisting within the desiccated basin. If such features existed, then they would have been small, shallow, turbid, and/or saline, and therefore markedly different from the lake to which today's species are adapted.[8]
The shallowness of Lake Victoria, its limited river inflow, and its large surface area compared to its volume make it vulnerable to the effects of climate changes.
Hydrology and limnology
Lake Victoria receives almost all (80%) of its water from direct precipitation.[4] Average evaporation on the lake is between 2.0 and 2.2 metres (6.6 and 7.2 ft) per year, almost double the precipitation of riparian areas.[9] In the Kenya Sector, the main influent rivers are the Sio, Nzoia, Yala, Nyando, Sondu Miriu, Mogusi and the Migori. Combined, these rivers contribute far more water to the lake than does the largest single inflowing river, the Kagera, which enters the lake from the west.[10] The lake outflows into the White Nile and the Katonga River, both part of the upper Nile river system.
The lake exhibits eutrophic conditions. In 1990–1991, oxygen concentrations in the mixed layer were higher than in 1960–1961, with nearly continuous oxygen supersaturation in surface waters. Oxygen concentrations in hypolimnetic waters (i.e. the layer of water that lies below the thermocline, is noncirculating, and remains perpetually cold) were lower in 1990–1991 for a longer period than in 1960–1961, with values of less than 1 mg per litre (< 0.4 gr/cu ft) occurring in water as shallow as 40 metres (130 ft) compared with a shallowest occurrence of greater than 50 metres (160 ft) in 1961. The changes in oxygenation are considered consistent with measurements of higher algal biomass and productivity.[11] These changes have arisen for multiple reasons: successive burning within its basin,[12] soot and ash from which has been deposited over the lake's wide area; from increased nutrient inflows via rivers,[13] and from increased pollution associated with settlement along its shores.
The extinction of cichlids in the genus Haplochromis has also been blamed on the lake's eutrophication. The fertility of tropical waters depends on the rate at which nutrients can be brought into solution. The influent rivers of Lake Victoria provide few nutrients to the lake in relation to its size. Because of this, most of Lake Victoria's nutrients are thought to be locked up in lake-bottom deposits.[4][14] By itself, this vegetative matter decays slowly. Animal flesh decays considerably faster, however, so the fertility of the lake is dependent on the rate at which these nutrients can be taken up by fish and other organisms.[14] There is little doubt that Haplochromis played an important role in returning detritus and plankton back into solution.[15][16][17] With some 80% of Haplochromis species feeding off detritus, and equally capable of feeding off one another, they represented a tight, internal recycling system, moving nutrients and biomass both vertically and horizontally through the water column, and even out of the lake via predation by humans and terrestrial animals and humans.[15] The removal of Haplochromis, however, may have contributed to the increasing frequency of algal blooms,[13][16][17] which may in turn be responsible for mass fish kills.[13]
This page was last modified on 27 March 2013 at 10:39.
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The AquaFish Kenya Baitfish Project
アップロード日: 2011/02/28
Historically, fishermen on Lake Victoria have relied on the capture of wild catfish fingerlings along the lake shores to use as bait for Nile perch, a prized market species. Rather than continue to endanger the population of wild catfish, AquaFish Collaborative Research Support Program (CRSP) has developed a sustainable alternative in the propagation and marketing of pond-raised catfish fingerlings in Kenya. Building these new markets using CRSP science puts sustainability hand-in-hand with increased economic capacity for Kenya's small-scale farmers.
カテゴリ
科学と技術
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Kenyan Foodie
アップロード日: 2011/01/05
Food eaten during my visit home in July 2010 from Kakamega to Mombasa and a few places in between
カテゴリ
旅行とイベント
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Nairobi, Kenya: Things To Do and Street Food (Travel Video)
アップロード日: 2011/01/16
101 Things to Do in Nairobi http://migrationology.com/2011/01/thi... (Click HERE now!)
Nairobi is a fascinating city in the heart Kenya. Located in the highlands of the country, Nairobi enjoys a cool climate.
This video is a small Nairobi travel video documentary showing a few of the fun and entertaining things to do in Nairobi!
From riding an ostrich to eating Kenyan street food, Nairobi is a city that offers a piece of something for everyone!
Don't miss out on these great things to do in Nairobi!
Follow my food adventures at http://migrationology.com/ & http://www.eatingthaifood.com/ and find me on Facebok here https://www.facebook.com/migrationology. Also, subscribe so you don't miss the next tasty adventure http://www.youtube.com/subscription_c....
Nairobi is a fascinating city in the heart Kenya. Located in the highlands of the country, Nairobi enjoys a cool climate.
This video is a small Nairobi travel video documentary showing a few of the fun and entertaining things to do in Nairobi!
From riding an ostrich to eating Kenyan street food, Nairobi is a city that offers a piece of something for everyone!
Don't miss out on these great things to do in Nairobi!
Follow my food adventures at http://migrationology.com/ & http://www.eatingthaifood.com/ and find me on Facebok here https://www.facebook.com/migrationology. Also, subscribe so you don't miss the next tasty adventure http://www.youtube.com/subscription_c....
旅行とイベント
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Deadly Catch: Lake Victoria's AIDS crisis - Part 1
アップロード日: 2007/03/16
More than 20 years since the discovery of the AIDS virus, and despite huge advances in the prevention and treatment of the disease, AIDS is still decimating communities across Africa. This is the story of one such community.
カテゴリ
非営利団体と社会活動
=======================
Deadly Catch: Lake Victoria's AIDS crisis - Part 2
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http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E5%A4%A9%E6%80%A7%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E4%B8%8D%E5%85%A8%E7%97%87%E5%80%99%E7%BE%A4
以下抜粋：
後天性免疫不全症候群
後天性免疫不全症候群（こうてんせいめんえきふぜんしょうこうぐん、Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome; AIDS）は、ヒト免疫不全ウイルス（HIV）が免疫細胞に感染し、免疫細胞を破壊して後天的に免疫不全を起こす免疫不全症のことである。一般にエイズ（AIDS）の略称で知られている。性行為感染症の一つ。
HIVに感染した時点ではAIDSの発症とは言えないが、ここではHIV感染症全般の事柄についても記述する。ウイルスとしてのHIVについてはHIVを参照。
歴史
詳細は「ヒト免疫不全ウイルス」を参照
HIVの起源はカメルーンのチンパンジーという説が有力であり[1] 、そこから人に感染して世界中に広まっていったと考えられている。1981年にアメリカのロサンゼルスに住む同性愛男性（ゲイ）に初めて発見され症例報告された。ただし、これはエイズと正式に認定できる初めての例で、疑わしき症例は1950年代から報告されており、「やせ病」（slimming disease）という疾患群が中部アフリカ各地で報告されていた。1981年の症例報告後、わずか10年程度で感染者は世界中に100万人にまで広がっていった。
当初、アメリカでエイズが広がり始めたころ、原因不明の死の病に対する恐怖感に加えて、感染者にゲイや麻薬の常習者が多かったことから感染者に対して社会的な偏見が持たれたことがあった。現在は病原体としてHIVが同定され、異性間性行為による感染や出産時の母子感染も起こり得ることが知られるようになり、広く一般的な問題として受け止められている[2]。
世界
現在全世界でのヒト免疫不全ウイルス（HIV）感染者は5千万人に達すると言われている。その拡大のほとんどがアジア、アフリカ地域の開発途上国において見られる。サハラ以南のアフリカには全世界の60%近くのエイズ患者がいるといわれ[1]、増加傾向にある。また一部の開発途上国では上昇していた平均寿命が低下しているという現状がある。近年では中国、インド、インドネシアにおいて急速に感染の拡大が生じて社会問題化している。
アフリカ
AIDSが最も猛威を振るっている地域はサハラ以南のアフリカ、いわゆるブラックアフリカである。2002年末においては全世界4200万人の患者のうち、アフリカが2940万人（70%）を占め、圧倒的に多い。同年のAIDS新規感染者は全世界で500万人、うちアフリカが350万人。同年のエイズ死亡者は全世界で310万人で、うちアフリカは240万人、77.4%を占めている[3]。このうち中東圏に属する北アフリカではAIDS患者がほとんどいないため、この数値のほとんどはブラックアフリカにおける数値である。その中でももっとも被害の激しいのは南部アフリカであり、上図にもあるように南アフリカ、ナミビア、ボツワナ、スワジランド、レソト、ジンバブエ、ザンビアの7か国においては人口の15%以上が感染している。最も人口に対する感染率が高いのはボツワナであり、2001年末においては成人人口の38.8%がエイズに感染している。この影響により、上図のように南部アフリカ諸国においては1990年代以降AIDSによる死者の急増によって平均寿命が急速に落ち込み、ボツワナにおいては20歳以上平均寿命が短縮してしまった。
1986年にはウガンダが感染率5%を超えていたものの、それ以外に感染率5%を超えるような国はなかった。しかし1991年にはウガンダ、ザンビア、ジンバブエで感染率が20%を超え、1996年にはボツワナ、スワジランド、レソトで20%を超え、2001年には上記の状況となったように、感染は急速に拡大していった。
アフリカにおける感染拡大は、他地域と異なり異性間の性行為によるものが圧倒的に多い。これは性的な寛容さや女性の地位の低さなどによると考えられている[4]。また、AIDSに対する知識の低さや迷信、貧困や戦争による影響も感染拡大の一因とされている。現在では治療薬によって病状を食い止めることは可能になっているものの、アフリカの多くの国においては貧困のためそれらの治療薬を入手することができない患者が多い。AIDSによる死者は働き盛りの男女が多いため、死亡率が急速に上昇した国々においては労働人口の減少を招き、経済に悪影響を招いている。一方で、ウガンダのように政府によるプログラムが功を奏し感染率の減少した国[5]や、ボツワナのように患者に対するケアの体制を整えられた国も存在する[6]。
感染経路
HIVは通常の環境では非常に弱いウイルスであり、一般に普通の社会生活をしている分には感染者と暮らしたとしてもまず感染することはない。
一般に感染源となりうるだけのウイルスの濃度をもっている体液は血液・精液・膣分泌液・母乳が挙げられる。一般に感染しやすい部位としては粘膜（腸粘膜、膣粘膜など）、切創（せっそう）や刺創（しそう）などの血管に達するような深い傷などがあり、通常の傷のない皮膚からは侵入することはない。そのため、主な感染経路は以下の3つに限られている。
性的感染
性交による感染では、性分泌液に接触することが最大の原因である。通常の性交では、女性は精液が膣粘膜に直接接触し血液中にHIVが侵入することで感染する。男性は性交によって亀頭に目に見えない細かい傷ができ、そこに膣分泌液が直接接触し血液中にHIVが侵入する事で感染する。そのため、性交でなくても性器同士を擦り合わせるような行為でもHIV感染が起こる恐れがある。また肛門性交では腸粘膜に精液が接触しそこから感染するとされている。腸の粘膜は一層であるため薄く、HIVが侵入しやすいため、膣性交よりも感染リスクが高い。 コンドームの着用がHIVの性的感染の予防措置として有効である。ただし使用中に破れたり、劣化した物を気付かずに使用する場合があるため、完全に感染を防ぐことができるとはいえない。コンドームの使用に際しては、信頼できる製品を使用期限内に正しい用法で用いることが推奨される。 また割礼によって感染リスクが低減するという研究結果が複数ある。傷つきやすく、免疫関連細胞の多い包皮を切除することで、HIVの侵入・感染が抑えられるためだと考えられている。 なお口腔で性器を愛撫する場合も、口腔内に歯磨きなどで微小な傷が生じていることが多く、そこに性液が接触することで、血液中にウイルスが侵入する恐れがある。
血液感染
感染者の血液が、傷、輸血、麻薬まわし打ち等によって、血液中に侵入することで感染が成立する。特に麻薬・覚醒剤中毒者間の注射器・注射針の使い回しは感染率が際立って高い。以前は輸血や血液製剤からの感染があったが、現在では全ての血液が事前にHIV感染の有無を検査され、感染のリスクは非常に低くなっている。医療現場においては、針刺し事故等の医療事故による感染が懸念され、十分な注意が必要である。
母子感染
母子感染の経路としては三つの経路がある。出産時の産道感染、母乳の授乳による感染、妊娠中に胎児が感染する経路である。 産道感染は子供が産まれてくる際、産道出血による血液を子供が浴びることで起こる。感染を避ける方法として、帝王切開を行い母親の血液を付着させない方法があり、効果を上げている。母乳による感染が報告されており、HIVに感染した母親の母乳を与えることは危険とされている。この場合は子供に粉ミルクを与えることによって、感染を回避することができる。胎内感染は、胎盤を通じ子宮内で子供がHIVに感染することで起こる。物理的な遮断ができないため、感染を回避することが難しい。感染を避ける方法として、妊娠中に母親がHAART療法により血中のウイルス量を下げ、子供に感染する確率を減らす方法がとられている。
最終更新 2013年3月8日 (金) 19:28
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Weitere Informationen unter http://sautikuufoundation.org/sautiku...
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